TAKAMIYA Izumi
Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan 学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来 43 (1) 1 - 18 0030-5219 2000
Scholars have long been interested in early state formation in the Nile Valley, and they have often argued about urbanization during the predynastic period in relation to the development of a complex society. Settlement patterns of the period, however, remain ambiguous, mainly because of the scarcity of known settlement sites in Upper Egypt. In this study, a reconstruction of macro-level settlement patterns in the Badari region is attempted on the basis of cemetery data rather than evidence from settlements themselves, in order to try to understand the basic settlement structures of the Naqada culture. If we assume that each cemetery reflected the location and chronological range of the settlement to which it belonged, it is possible to infer settlement patterns, in terms of spatial distri-bution of settlements and chronological diversities in patterns, from cemetery data. Comparison with settlement patterns in the Abydos region may be expected to provide a general image of Naqada culture societies.The analyses elucidated a chronological change in the settlement patterns in the Badari region, from the scarce and equidistant distribution of settlements during the Naqada I-IIa/b period to the relatively dense and uneven distribution observable from the Naqada IIc/d period onwards. Drastic changes, including the abandonment and shift in location of many cemeteries, as well as alternations in mortuary practices, occurred between the Naqada III period and the Early Dynastic period. These patterns are quite different from those in the Abydos region hypothesized by D. C. Patch. In contrast to the nucleation of settlements in the Abydos area, a dispersal of population and the emergence of new settlements are detected in the Badari region around the middle of the Naqada II period. Furthermore, the continuity in settlement pattern, which has been observed in the Abydos region from the late predynastic to the dynastic period, was not detected in the Badari region. Such differences obviously indicate the existence of local variations in settlement patterns. It is probable that while development of urbanization was in progress in historically and/or socially advanced areas of the Naqada culture, such as the Abydos region, small villages remained relatively undeveloped in other areas such as the Badari region. This local diversity may have affected the rapid cultural and political unification of the entire Nile Valley.