We have conducted this study to find an equation that is capable of predicting the temperature distribution in a semi-infinite phase change material (PCM) that has broad phase-change-temperature range on the condition that the initial temperature distribution is uniform at a lower temperature than the phase-change-temperature, and the surface is kept at a higher temperature than the phase-change-temperature. We found that the temperature distribution in the PCM with broad phase-change-temperature range can be approximated by substituting the lower inflection point temperature of the Gaussian distribution of the apparent specific heat for the phase-change-temperature in the equations that express temperature distribution in the PCM with a specific phase-change-temperature. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

The approximate analytical solution of the location of smoke front below horizontal ceiling at early time in fire is derived by the handling as the axi-symmetric problem. At first the approximate analytical solution of the average temperature of smoke layer is derived in assuming that the progress velocity of smoke front is proportional to 1/2 power of time based on the mass preservation. Then the integral equation to predict the location of smoke front is derived in this smoke average temperature. As this equation is not able to solve analytically, an approximate analytical equation is derived by approximation of integrand and being subject to temperature less exceeding initial inflow temperature. Particularly, in case of the treatment of center sprang out, the location of smoke front is proportional to 1/2 power at early time then to 3/4 power at time. The prediction is compared to the experimental data. It is shown that the location of smoke front is predicted by the approximate analytical solution.

Traditionally, the smoke front location below the horizontal ceiling of a corridor in fire has been predicted by the numerical analysis. In this paper, an approximate analytical solution is derived. If the progression rate of smoke front is assumed to be constant, the analytical solutions of smoke average temperature and the equation of smoke front location are derived. As the equation of smoke front location is not solved analytically, the integrand of the equation is approximated by 1/At, and on additional condition that the smoke temperature does not exceed the initial inlet temperature the further approximate analytical solution is derived. The final approximate analytical solution shows that the smoke front location is proportional to the time until 1/A, and expand in proportion to the 2/3 power of time thereafter. The approximate analytical solution is compared the experimental results of actual size. The result shows that it is possible to predict the smoke front location in considering heat loss from the ceiling and the walls.

The objective of this paper is to present a new method for estimating air flow coefficients and air flow exponents of air leakage areas not only in the external wall of a house but also in the internal walls between rooms using only one type of tracer gas. These values-which are unknown variables-are determined using nonlinear simultaneous equations, which consist of balance equations for the air mass and tracer-gas concentration in the rooms. To verify the validity of this method, we set up a numerical experiment. As a result of the experiment, it was clarified that the present estimation method yields a reasonable estimate of the air flow coefficients and the air flow exponents.

In this paper, according to the approach built on previous paper(No.645,pp.1203-1209,2009.11), the relationship of air supply rate between the bulletin requirements in normal temperature and the conventional calculating method based on the condition in fire is constructed. The calculation procedure of air supply rate based on the ventilation calculation in normal temperature to satisfy the bulletin requirement is shown. Then the relationship in general of leakage by the position of air release opening is considered, the appropriate design for the height on floor of the air release opening and the calculation procedure of additional air supply rate to block smoke in fire are shown.

This study examined the pressurization smoke control method in the congregated vertical shaft in case of an underground fire. The pressurization smoke control can secure a refuge route by preventing an invasion of smoke to lobby. The congregated vertical shaft exhaust system is a method to shut smoke out of a room. However, it can happen that smoke exhausted from a lower floor leaks from an exhaust opening of an upper floor congregated vertical shaft. Therefore, in this study, for the purpose of grasping the behavior of the leakage of smoke in congregated vertical shaft with pressurization smoke control system, an equation to determine the rate of smoke leakage from the dimension of the building and the behavior of the fire is shown theoretically. Furthermore, a simple method for the design of the shaft setup height and the shaft cross-section area is proposed from the viewpoint of prevention of smoke leakage.

The purpose of this paper is the establishment of the method to confirm at the normal temperature that the pressurization smoke control system is able to block off smoke in case of the fire. A theory is constructed to determine the opening condition of smoke insulation door at the normal temperature which realizes the air flow rate equivalent to that in case of the fire. Although the opening information in the actual building usually does not agree with that in the planning, it is necessary to know the opening information in the actual building. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a procedure to know the opening information by two measurements at normal temperature., and the same time, to judge whether the system is able to block off smoke in case of fire. Moreover the simplified method is proposed for evaluating the performance to block offsmoke only from the measurement ofone case where the door is fully opened door at the normal temperature. As shown in the example, it would be possible to judge the appropriateness of pressurization smoke control system based on the result ofthe measurement at the normal temperature.

We present a heating system with thermal storage using a heat pump which supplies heat to the thermal storage installed in a crawl space of a residential house insulated at the foundation walls. We used latent thermal storage materials. This system can charge heat by using cheap nighttime electricity and discharge the stored heat at daytime. We showed equations to determine the air volumes of the heat pump and the ventilator, and equations to determine the phase transition temperature and the amount of the latent thermal storage materials to keep the room setting temperature. We constructed a computer simulation program of this heating system and confirmed the validity of these equations.

We present a heating system with thermal storage using a heat pump which supplies heat to the thermal storage installed in a crawl space of a residential house insulated at the foundation walls. We used sensible thermal storage materials. This system can charge heat by using cheap nighttime electricity and discharge the stored heat at daytime. It is revealed by experimental studies that thermal behavior of the room is greatly influenced by the heat capacity of the thermal storage. We constructed a computer simulation program of this heating system and showed the ratio of the stored heat for generated heat by the heat pump with the volume of the thermal storage materials. We showed the way to determine the volume of the thermal storage materials and the capacity of the heat pump.

'Crawl-space heating' is a heating system using the crawl space as a duct for heat transport from a heat pump. The purpose of this study is to grasp the convective heat-transfer coefficient at the slab-concrete surface and the floor-under surface, under the condition of crawl-space heating. When the crawl-space heating is operated, the air velocity in the crawl space is generally 0.05-0.20m/s and the heat transfer is caused by both the forced convection and the natural convection. We measure the convective heat-transfer coefficient by the wind tunnel test. It is revealed that the convective heat-transfer coefficient at the slab-concrete surface is about 1.0-4.0W/m^2K and that at the floor-under surface is about 6.0-10.0W/m^2K.

In this paper, we present a heating system with thermal storage using a heat pump which supplies heat to the thermal storage equipment installed in the crawl space of residential house insulated at the foundation walls. This system can charge heat by using cheap nighttime electricity and discharge the stored heat at daytime. The thermal performance of the heating system and the effects of various factors on it are analyzed through simulation on the premise that a heat pump which has generally spread is used. The main results are as follows: (1) It is possible to control the system efficiently adjusting the lifestyle by change the start time of the operation of the ventilator connected to the thermal storage equipment to discharge the stored heat. (2) Using the latent thermal storage materials, the change of the room temperature can be made moderate.

In this paper, we report the experimental studies which were carried out in an experimental house with thermal insulation for its foundation walls, concerning (a) the indoor thermal environment and (b) the heat flow in the crawl space to the ground and to the floor, under the condition of crawl space heating. The main results which we obtained are as follows: 1. The temperature in the room ranges from 18 to 21℃, and that of the floor surface becomes over 23℃. 2. When a fan is put in operation in order to control a current of air in the crawl space, the flow of the heat towards the floor increases, but that towards the ground also increases out of the warm air blowing out zone. 3. It is suggested that most of the heat to the ground is brought by radiation from the lining of the floor.

基礎断熱住宅の床下空間をエアコンの温風で暖めてその上に床暖房のような床面放射型の暖房環境をつくる床下暖房について、ヒートショック防止上必要な空間の床下のみを必要な時間のみ暖房する部分・間欠型とする場合の設計・運用方法を提案した。設計方法としては、熱源に必要な最大暖房能力を、居室の設定温度や外気温、住宅の断熱性能、基礎部断熱材の熱抵抗、地盤の熱伝導率、許容する予熱時間、１日２４時間のうち暖房を入れる時間の割合、朝の暖房開始時間から推定する式を作成した。運用方法としては、予熱に必要な時間の計算式を提案した。

流体（温水）と熱交換する潜熱蓄熱材の蓄熱量の時間変化を、潜熱蓄熱材の物性値に応じて推定できる式を提案した。潜熱蓄熱材には相変化温度に幅を持たないものと幅を持つものがあるが、それぞれの場合の推定式を提案した。この条件の厳密解析解を得ることは困難であるため、いくつかの近似を適用した近似解析解を推定式とした。この推定式の妥当性は、詳細に計算した数値計算結果と比較して確認した。

住宅の高気密化に伴い,空気質保全のために住宅内部の適切な換気経路および換気量の確保が必要となっている.任意の条件において定量的にこれらの検討を行えるようにするためには,各室間の隙間面積を知ることが必要となる.そこで、室間に温度差のある住宅の室内で1種類のトレーサーガスを発生させたときの各室の温度・濃度を用いて各室の質量収支式・濃度収支式を連立させて解くことにより,未知数である各室間の隙間面積を推定する方法を明らかにした.