日本の大学で1・2 年生の英語科目を教える教師を対象に、学生に関する教師ビリーフを探求するアンケート調査を2014 年に実施した。本稿では、アンケート調査結果をもとに、学生の性格や英語学習に対する態度、教室内での英語使用についての態度、授業の形態に関する好みに関して、教師がどのように認識しているかを、英語第一言語教師（ETs：154 名）と日本語第一言語教師（JTs：170 名）の間で比較分析した。その結果、「受身的」「素直」「恥ずかしがりや」といった認識に類似点が見られた一方、いくつかの相違点も観察された。「明るい」「英語でコミュニケーションを取りたがる」「どうしたら英語力が上がるかに関心がある」との認識のETs が多かったのに対して、JTs は「学習に真面目に取り組む」との回答が多かった。また、学生が学習者中心を好むのか、教師中心の教室を好むのかなどについても両グループで認識に差が見られた。これらの相違点を生み出した背景要因には、 （1）授業における目標スキルが異なっていること、（2）学生の教師に対する期待とその期待への教師の対応の間に存在する相互関係的状況要因、そして（3）授業における教師と学生、あるいは学生と学生同士の実際のやり取りの内容と量が関係している可能性が指摘される。majour: English Education

(Abstract) The purposes of this paper are twofold: a) to discuss how previous researchers have explored teachers' beliefs in the field of second language education and b) to report the findings of a pilot survey conducted among Japanese university English teachers about their beliefs regarding Japanese learners of English at universities. First, I will review the definitions of teachers' beliefs and their roles in teaching practices. Teachers' beliefs can be a critical factor that makes a difference in the outcome of curriculum goals because of the potentially strong influences on individual teachers' instructional practices. Second, I will examine teachers' beliefs collected through a pilot questionnaire survey. Data were collected from six native English-speaking teachers (ETs) and eleven native Japanese-speaking teachers (JTs). The main purpose of the pilot study was to examine the questionnaire items for use in a larger-scale survey, and therefore a small group of teachers was selected. Despite its small scale, the survey revealed potential differences and similarities between ETs' and JT's beliefs about Japanese learners of English at universities in Japan: The findings indicated the possibility that the teachers share similar impressions of their students, but that their judgments and interpretations of the students' skills and attitudes toward learning English (i.e., motivations and preferences for class formats and activities) could be very different.専攻: 英語教育学, 修正箇所: 39ページ右欄30～33行目

著者専攻(下): 英語教育学, 著者専攻（新田）: 英語教育学

[Abstract] This study explored the following research questions: Are there any differences in the level of self-perceived learner autonomy depending on the students' proficiency level？ If so, what differences are there？ A self-reportquestionnaire was developed in order to gather data about students' learner autonomy levels. The questionnaire responses were collected from 106 non-English majors at a Japanese university in the 2007 fall semester. In addition to the questionnaire results, proficiency-test scores of the students were used for the analysis in the study. The analysis suggests the following points: 1) There are two factors in learner autonomy measured by the questionnaire: "orientation towards improving learning environment" and "orientation towards reflective learning." 2)The "orientation towards reflective learning" seems to be a better prediction of learners' higher proficiency. 3) In addition to proficiency level, a number of variables appear to explain differences in the students' learner autonomy level, including students' motivation, learning objectives, interest in language learning, and class atmosphere.

ポートフォリオとは基本的には「ある目的のもとに学習者の作品などを収集したもの」であるが、それを有効に活用するためには、「収集・選択・内省」(Hamp-Lyons & Condon,2000)などの特徴を考慮しなければならない。本稿では、まず、語学教室においてポートフォリオを効果的に活用するためのこのような特徴を整理し、ヨーロッパ各国の第二言語教育において組織的なポートフォリオの導入を試みるヨーロッパ言語ポートフォリオ(ELP)を紹介する。さらに、「評価用ポートフォリオ」を利用した筆者の授業におけるその使用を考察し、日本の語学教室におけるポートフォリオの活用・普及にむけての課題を整理する。ポートフォリオは、学習者と教師の「協働評価」であり、その活用によって、両者が自らの活動に対して互いからフィードバックを受け取るという構図が実現できる。また、それは、学習者オートノミー、教師オートノミーを促進することにつながる。ELPプロジェクトがそうであるように、ポートフォリオ活用は語学教育にプラスの効果をもたらす可能性は非常に高い。そのようなポートフォリオ活用への理解を促進するために、また、日本の語学教室での効果的な活用方法をさらに吟味するために、日本の中学、高校、大学の語学教育の現場でのポートフォリオ活用例を集めることが必要だろう。普及にあたっては、その機能を明確化し、ポートフォリオの特徴の整理や、その活用の流れ、具体的な方法の提示が必須だと考える。

This paper first introduces sample collaborative shadowing activities used in university-level English courses, discusses concepts to support these activities, and then explores their benefits and drawbacks based on instructor observations and student responses from an end-of-the-semester questionnaire survey and reflection essays on course activities. In a collaborative shadowing activity, a student shares his or her written work orally and the partner repeats his or her words in the form of a dialogue. This activity, termed dialogue-formed shadowing, provides ample opportunities for students to expose themselves to input, to produce output, and to have interaction with each other and receive more feedback on their output, helping to create a cooperative and autonomous learning space. Such practice with nonnative speaker classmates allows students to become aware of the benefits of practicing with non-native speakers. This study shows that a large number of students identified benefits of collaborative shadowing activities. Students found it fun to speak with classmates and to know more about their fellow classmates. They enjoyed communicating with classmates in English, sharing personal stories, and learning from each other. Collaborative shadowing was a new way of practicing the language for them; they reported that shadowing activities provided good listening and speaking practice. However, a few problems were pointed out such as a) repetition of classmates' errors and mistakes, b) uncertainty of correct pronunciation, and c) negative emotions about their own writing. This paper will suggest a few teaching tools and techniques to deal with problems. In the end, this study has raised two issues to be explored in the future. One is whether collaborative shadowing works for a certain type of student group or not, and the other is how the teacher's instructions in shadowing activities change students' performances and their consequent effects upon language learning.

This paper first introduces sample collaborative shadowing activities used in university-level English courses, discusses concepts to support these activities, and then explores their benefits and drawbacks based on instructor observations and student responses from an end-of-the-semester questionnaire survey and reflection essays on course activities. In a collaborative shadowing activity, a student shares his or her written work orally and the partner repeats his or her words in the form of a dialogue. This activity, termed dialogue-formed shadowing, provides ample opportunities for students to expose themselves to input, to produce output, and to have interaction with each other and receive more feedback on their output, helping to create a cooperative and autonomous learning space. Such practice with nonnative speaker classmates allows students to become aware of the benefits of practicing with non-native speakers. This study shows that a large number of students identified benefits of collaborative shadowing activities. Students found it fun to speak with classmates and to know more about their fellow classmates. They enjoyed communicating with classmates in English, sharing personal stories, and learning from each other. Collaborative shadowing was a new way of practicing the language for them; they reported that shadowing activities provided good listening and speaking practice. However, a few problems were pointed out such as a) repetition of classmates' errors and mistakes, b) uncertainty of correct pronunciation, and c) negative emotions about their own writing. This paper will suggest a few teaching tools and techniques to deal with problems. In the end, this study has raised two issues to be explored in the future. One is whether collaborative shadowing works for a certain type of student group or not, and the other is how the teacher's instructions in shadowing activities change students' performances and their consequent effects upon language learning.

中級の上から上級レベルの英語学習者に対する日本の大学でのライティングの授業において使用した協力的活動を、学習者がどのように選択活動・内省活動に従事したかという観点から考察した。グループ・ダイナミックスをうまく活用する方法についても議論した。

この発表では、まず、語学教室で使用されるポートフォリオの特徴を整理した。さらに、発表者の授業でのポートフォリオ使用例と学習者の反応を紹介し、ポートフォリオの特徴を生かした効果的な活用方法を提案した。

ポートフォリオ使用と協働活動の使用が、学習者オートノミーの促進、学習過程の重視、多重知性の利用といった点で共通する効果を持つことを指摘し、双方を利用することで、相乗効果を持って学生の力が引き出されるということを提案した。（英文）