Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain's novel, is well known not only to the American literary critics, but also to the people all over the world. Most of the readers of Huckleberry Finn, however, don't know the fact that Twain had written the series after the publication of Huckleberry Finn. He tried to write the continuances again and again, but he couldn't succeed in completing most of the works well after all. Tom Sawyer Abroad is one of such novels that Twain published as the series of Huckleberry Finn. In this paper, I studied about the imperial logic in this novel from three standpoints. In the first place, I discussed the critical history of Tom Sawyer Abroad, and made it clear that this story was not unpopular and was not neglected in the early twentieth century, in contrast with the situation of today. A few critics, nowadays, refers to Tom Sawyer Abroad, but they don't think that the novel is as an excellent canon as Huckleberry Finn is. Although Tom Sawyer Abroad has many irregular points and cannot be said to be one of best Twain's novels, the story tells us about some interesting aspects of Twain's unconsciousness. Secondly, I took up the code of the depressed structure of this story, by way of remarking on the birth of the balloon narratives and Twain's difficulty with completing this novel. There were many obstacles in way of the publication of this book; for example, Twain's mental anxieties for some reasons, his financial failure, the publisher's bankruptcy, and the editor's alterations. These situations filled the story with the strange atmosphere in which Tom is urged and pessimistic. His defeats in the several discussion with Jim make it clear that the order of this discourse is on the edge of the collapsed condition. Finally, I explained the plot of Tom Sawyer Abroad, and interpreted it as the story of the Tom's ambition to expand into all over the world. In this story, Tom's desire to be a hero is still unsolved, and his connection with Huck is no longer a mere boys' friendship, but a part of the grotesque feudalism. Jim reappears but has no autonomy. He is completely displaced from the status in which he had the role of Huck's reliable father, and comes back to the position of a servant or a slave in the South. What I have mainly argued in this paper is that the singularity of Tom Sawyer Abroad was well coincided with that of American attitude toward the developing countries in those days. Tom's reasoning and interpreting in this novel are strongly connected with the growth of the early capitalism and American “innocent” imperialism. Of course, his plays and tricks filled the role of overturning the worth-order of the community in Huckleberry Finn, but his logic in Tom Sawyer Abroad establishes his superiority over not only the persons around him, but also the powerless people in the other countries in the late nineteenth century. Here, we can see Twain's difficulty in story-telling and his severe surrounding that mastered American society at the same time, and understand what made Twain write his anti-imperial writings in his later years after all.

Mark Twain, a well-known American writer, was a man, but the fact doesn't necessarily follow that Twain completely understood what his masculinity consisted of or how Victorian gender identity had worked in the society and the culture in those days. Twain tried to depict many social problems and consider modern ideological system in his stories, and some of his experiments succeeded. Nevertheless, his attempt to take up the gender institution in the United States often fell quite flat. Extracts from Adam's Diary, Translated from the Original MS.(1904) and Eve's Diary, Translated from the Original MS.(1906) are Twain's novels, and they represent his thinking and perspective on the American gender in the early twentieth century. The Old Testament and John Milton's Paradise Lost had great effect on them, the strong power of Eve with wisdom, however, is entirely different from the one of the old age or the Victorian woman. In these discourses, Twain clearly succeeded in grasping the birth of the new-type woman and the counterpart, the man with new masculinity. Masculinity, as many men's studies nowadays suggest, is neither the same institution in all times, nor unchangeable concept, but the system that has consistently been changing in the human beings' history. In most of cases, Twain was conservative in the problems of gender, but it is no exaggeration to say that he realized what being a man is and the meanings of masculinity in his later years. What I have mainly argued in this paper is that the singularity of Extracts from Adam's Diary and Eve's Diary was well coincided with that of American gender system in those days. Eve's reasoning and interpreting in this novel are strongly connected with the growth of the United States' capitalism and the change of Victorian gender identity. Of course, her plays and tricks filled the role of overturning the worth-order of the community in the Garden of Eden, but her logic in both novels establishes his superiority over not only Adam, but also the animals there. Here, we can see Twain's difficulty in story-telling and his severe surrounding that mastered American society at the same time, and understand what made Twain write the writings on gender late in his life.

In the four years, the research on this subject had been done in the Gelman Library of the George Washington University, the Earl K. Long Library of University of New Orleans, the New York Public Library, and the Morgan Library in New York, and, therefore, they brought some fruitful successes. By using of the web service, quick inputs and outputs to the archives of the research were achieved. The results of the studies were exhibited in the presentation and the publication, and it is gaining not a few values.

今回の科学研究補助金による助成を受けて行う予定の研究において、三年の期間内における研究過程としては、第一次段階として一次資料の調査、精読があり、第二次段階としてそれら資料の分析研究、並びに思想/批評理論援用のための研究がある。そして第三次段階としてこれらの研究を取りまとめ、論文及び著書として公表する準備作業がある。これらの三段階の行程を潤滑に進め,三年の期間内にエドガー・アラン・ポーの未だ知られざる側面を明らかにし,それによって十九世紀アメリカにおけるこの作家の新たな位置付けを提起するつもりであったが、今年度はいよいよ最終段階である著書刊行に精力を傾けた。本研究においては、二年前に科学研究補助金出版助成に応募したが、残念ながら援助は認めて頂けなかった。また本研究と対をなす計画として立案し、若手研究Bに再度応募したアフリカ系アメリカ人文学研究への助成も認めて頂けず、この分野においては非常に厳しい状況となっているが、その中で当初の予定通り、19年度内に出版データを完成し、出版社に引き渡した。もうしばらくすれば市場に出回る予定であり、逆風が吹きぬける中、研究成果を無事出版にまでこぎつけたことに関しては、一つの区切りとしての意義があるように思われる。