The purpose of this article is to evaluate the development of the ship- ping management systems in the Yuan元 Dynasty in China. I analyze the changes in shipping management systems by dividing them into five periods, and I point out that each period has its own trends. In addition, I discuss the world-historical significance of shipping at that time.

[Abstract] The purpose of this article is to consider about characteristics of the Pingjiang平江 (Suzhou 蘇州) city during the Yuan 元 period. In this article I discussed about the change of Pingjiang city's spatial structure, and I pointed out reasonableness of government office's placement and the "citygates-waterway" connections. Pingjiang city in the Yuan period had a wide-open characteristic, especially to the waterway network around the city. In addition, I elucidated the increasing tendency of construction/renovation of religious cultural facilities in Pingjiang city. Its background is that scholar-official bureaucrat's autonomy strengthened and wealthy class gradually increased their own presence in 1320's to 1330's, and Mongol Yuan dynasty had to approve them.

本研究の目的は，元代の中後期の両浙地域における産業の多様化の実態とそれに関わった新興商人の具体像を探ることにより，モンゴル政権下の江南における社会経済の動態を分析するとともに，宋代や明清代の江南地域との連続性あるいは質的相違を明らかにし，この時代の持つユーラシア世界史上の意義を考察することである。 ３年目にあたる２０２１年度は，本来ならば，それまでの研究を総括し，モンゴル政権による江南経済支配の特質やユーラシア世界史上の意義，元代と宋代・明清代との連続性といった学術的課題を明らかにしたうえで，本研究を元末明初の政治経済社会に関する従来の研究と関連づける作業を行う予定であった。しかし実際には，研究計画全体の中では第二段階にあたる２０２０年度分の課題の一部，崑山と太倉を中心とする海運業，慶元(寧波) を中心とする海上貿易について，若干の研究の上積みをしつつ，研究総括の内容の一部を公表するにとどまった。 具体的には，元代中後期における産業の中でも漕運や海上貿易など水上交通に関する研究を行い，その成果を研究論文「宋元代の海運ーその役割・変遷はいかなるものだったか」（吉澤誠一郎他編『論点・東洋史学』ミネルヴァ書房，２０２２年）としてまとめた。同論文では，大運河と外洋航行の海運の関係，宋元代における大運河・海運の発展とその歴史的意義，海運の位置づけと東アジア海域交流圏の広がりについて，それぞれ論を展開した。

In this research, I reviewed the trends of the bureaucratic groups in the Jiangnan area during the mid to late Yuan period, and I elucidated the transition of socioeconomic policy by the Mongolian government and the extension of local elite's power. In particular, I pointed out the increasing tendency of construction/renovation of religious cultural facilities in the Pingjiang city (now Suzhou) , and its background is that the active involvement of literary bureaucrats and wealthy people in Jiangnan. Then I analyzed the works of Pinging's scholar Zheng Yuanyou and Kunshan's wealthy class Gu Ying, and I elucidated their relationships with Zhang Shizheng government.

We searched the old historical documents at Temple no. 51, Ishiteji and Temple no. 52, Taizanji.We organized many undiscovered data and published a report.We clarified many new facts. For example,the original legend of Emon Saburo is not based on the faith in Kobo Daishi, but on the faith of Kumano at Temple no. 51, Ishiteji.We did a comparative study of the Shikoku Pilgrimage with other pilgrimages of Japan and overseas countries.We clarified new fact that the Shikoku Pilgrimage was not concerned with a religious community and power,but the Shikoku Pilgrimage was constructed by commoners.

I researched on the movement of bureaucrats, salt merchants and social elitists who have been participated in water transportation and salt administration in Huazhe provinces during the Yuan period. I made a database that contains about 11,000 major persons of the Yuan Dynasty. On the basis of this database, I excerpted 54 bureaucrats who have been participated in salt administration in Huazhe provinces. I analyzed their movement, and found two epochs of salt government's development in Huazhe, that is ①1290-1300's and ②1330-40 's. And I perceived the extension of agricultural and commercial elitists in Jiangnan area in the timing of epoch②.

From 2007 to 2009, we held symposiums and workshops on "Shikoku-Henro and the Pilgrimages of the World". We had 31 presentations in three years, all of which were published in the proceedings of our project. We researched Shikoku-Henro, Kumano-Sankei, and Saigoku-Junrei in Japan, and 10 pilgrimages in other parts of the world, which cover the Christian world-eastern parts of the ancient Mediterranean, medieval Europe, medieval and early modern Spain, and medieval and modern England-, ancient Greece, and Asia-medieval China, contemporary Korea, medieval Mongol, medieval Egypt, and medieval Java. According to our comparative study, the common feature of the Japanese pilgrimages and the Christian pilgrimages is that medieval and early modern people wished for both their spiritual salvation in the other world and benefits in this world.

We solved the two problems of Song and Yuan China by using the materials of Diaries and Miscellanies. One problem is the exchanges among China, Japan and Korea, and the other is the social and economical conditions of South East China. First we investigated the Japanese and Korean diaries to solve the problems of the immigration in Song China. Secondly we investigated the regional materials and inscriptions to analyze the conditions of cities and distribution structure in South East China focusing on Ningbo, Shaoxing, Lin-an and Suzhou. The South east China was the most important area in Song Yuan China not only on the international exchanges but also on the economical development. We considered the relationship between the East Asian exchanges and the economical power of South East China.