[要旨]ウィズコロナ・アフターコロナ時代において心身の健康を保ちながらテレワークを定着させるためには，心理的ディタッチメントを保つことが必要だと考えられる。本研究は勤務時間外の連絡に対する意識尺度を作成し，意識による心理的ディタッチメントと職業性ストレスの差異を検討することを目的に20代から60代の男女93名を対象に調査研究を行った。探索的因子分析の結果，勤務時間外の連絡に対する意識尺度において「業務遅延/迷惑懸念因子」「評価懸念因子」「返信不急因子」の3因子が抽出された。3 因子を基にクラスター分析を行った結果，「不急意識優位型」，「葛藤型」，「返信懸念優位型」に分類された。このことから，勤務時間外は，「返信を保留する意識」を有している者が一部存在するといえる。一方，「返信懸念優位型」のように周りとの調和が乱れたり，迷惑がかかる可能性を懸念する傾向が強い者も存在した。「葛藤型」は周りとの調和を乱れることや迷惑がかかることを懸念しつつも連絡に応じないタイプであり，3型の中で最も活気が低く，イライラ，疲労，抑うつ，身体愁訴の得点が高いことからも，「葛藤型」はストレスを蓄積しやすいと考えられる。

[Abstract]This study investigated psychological effects of volunteer students who had experience of feedback interview of psychological tests. We used the self-acceptance scale, the acceptance of others scale, scale for adjustment to university life, and the sense of coherence scale, stressor coping capacity. The participants comprised 19 volunteer students who had undergone three psychological tests, an intelligence test named WAIS, personality tests named Tree-Drawing test and Rorschach inkblot test, and had feedback interview of psychological assessment from graduate students majored in clinical psychology. They completed these scales two times, both before undergoing tests and after having feedback interview of psychological tests. The results indicated improvement of stressor coping capacity, self-acceptance and adjustment to university life. Students with low self-acceptance before undergoing tests had positive effect after feedback interview on self-acceptance, stressor coping capacity and adjustment to university life. These results suggested that on the clinical practice of psychological assessment from psychological tests clients with low self-acceptance have the same positive effect.

The current report provides the result of a Phase II clinical trial regarding the effectiveness and feasibility of problem-solving therapy for psychological distress experienced by Japanese early-stage breast cancer patients. Participants were 36 post-surgery Japanese breast cancer patients in a university hospital located in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. After screening for psychological distress using the Distress and Impact Thermometer and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, highly distressed patients were exposed to 5 weekly sessions of the problem-solving therapy program. Nineteen patients completed the intervention and follow-up. There was a significant difference between the pre-intervention and the 3-month follow-up in the total Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score (P 0.02), and the mean change score from the pre-intervention to the follow-up was 6.05 (SD 1.94). The intervention had a large effect size (d 0.82). There were also significant changes in worry, self-efficacy and quality of life measures. The findings of our study suggest that the problem-solving therapy program has potential to be effective for alleviating psychological distress experienced by Japanese early-stage breast cancer patients. The true effectiveness of the program should be confirmed by a future randomized control trial.

Problem-solving therapy (PST) is a brief, structured psychological treatment. Preliminary clinical findings regarding the effectiveness of PST for treating psychological distress experienced by Japanese cancer patients are presented. Our actual clinical experience in administering PST to four consecutive distressed cancer patients was reviewed. All of the patients were breast cancer survivors who were referred to us after undergoing surgery. Three cases received six PST sessions each and one case received three PST sessions. The depression and anxiety scores decreased after PST. Our preliminary experience suggests that PST is an effective treatment for alleviating psychological distress in Japanese cancer patients and that this treatment should be further examined in a clinical trial.

Objectives: A psychometric scale for assessing cancer-related worry among cancer patients, called the Brief Cancer-Related Worry Inventory (BCWI), was developed. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey for item development was conducted of 112 Japanese patients diagnosed with breast cancer, and test-retest validation analysis was conducted using the data from another prospective study of 20 lung cancer patients. The questionnaire contained 15 newly developed items for cancer-related worry, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, The Impact of Event Scale Revised, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-8. Results: Exploratory factor analysis of the 15 items yielded a 3-factor structure including (1) future prospects, (2) physical and symptomatic problems and (3) social and interpersonal problems. A second-order confirmatory factor analysis identified a second-order factor called cancer-related worry and confirmed the factor structure with an acceptable fit (chi-square (df = 87) = 160.16, P = 0.001; GFI = 0.83; CFI = 0.92; RMSEA = 0.09). The internal consistency and test-retest reliability were confirmed with the lung cancer sample. Multidimensional scaling found that cancer-related worry is separate from anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Conclusion: Our study succeeded in developing and confirming the validity and reliability of a BCWI. The study also confirmed the discriminable aspects of cancer-related worry from anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Confinement of a rat in a running wheel results in the rat's subsequent avoidance of the taste consumed before the confinement. This phenomenon has been ascribed to taste aversion conditioned by spontaneous wheel running. As a first step toward clarification of the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon, we manipulated two parameters of the taste-confinement procedure: duration of wheel confinement (Experiments 1A and 1B) and temporal intervals between the taste consumption and the wheel confinement (Experiments 2A and 2B). In general, longer confinement and shorter inter-event interval caused stronger taste avoidance. However, the results also suggested that it is possible to establish taste avoidance when wheel confinement was delayed 1-h after the taste consumption. These results correspond to those of conventional taste aversion caused by illness-inducing agents, suggesting similar mechanisms in the both preparations. Experiment 3 revealed that running in a wheel rather than wheel confinement itself is the effective factor for establishing taste avoidance. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Opportunities of spontaneous wheel running induced aversion in rats to the taste consumed before the running. Eight thirsty rats of Wistar strain were daily allowed to drink one of two taste solutions (sucrose or sodium chloride, say A) followed by confinement in a wheel or another taste solution (say B) followed by confinement in a Skinner box. Repeated training with Tastes A and B made the rats drink Taste A less than Taste B. Post-training two-bottle choice tests also showed clear demonstration of wheel-running-induced aversion to Taste A. These results confirmed those from Lett's laboratory and expanded the generality of the phenomenon in respect to strain of rats, deprivation conditions of the subjects, tastes, and other details. Furthermore, our procedure rejected three accounts alternative to wheel-induced aversion to Taste A. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.

2020年度はWEBを利用した調査を1件（メンタルヘルス不調に対する受診勧奨メッセージの効果検討）実施し、これまでの対象とは異なる産業分野での介入研究の準備のため、計画立案を行ない、ベースライン調査を完了した。 WEB調査では、メッセージの種別によって受診行動に変化は見られなかったものの、半年間で新規受療した者の特徴が明らかとなった。たとえば、メンタルヘルスケアの重要性を理解していたり、他者への相談や下調べなどの準備行動が多かったりと明確な特徴が見られた。これらは、受療促進を適切に促すために、Transtheoretical-Modelに基づき、ステップごとに行動変容を促すといった介入の可能性を示唆したといえる。 介入研究は、2021年春に、上記の知見を生かした個別メッセージを送信し、その後の受療行動について追跡することで、その効果検討を行う予定である。 新型コロナウイルス感染症の影響によりWEB調査はやや進捗に遅れが出た。メッセージのさらに詳細な検討を追加調査として実施する予定であったが、調査対象者の生活実態の変化により、メンタルヘルスへの影響が考えられるため、次年度に持ち越しとした。その一方で、介入プログラムの開発準備を進め、いくつかのフィールドにおいてテストを実施することができた。また21年度の繰越分において、介入研究で使用するストレスマネジメント心理教育教材の作成、配布を行った。

In this study, we developed a program improving college students’ proactive coping as career education in college, and investigated that it helped them prevent mental health disorders after they started working. 133 college students completed a questionnaire which we made and the results showed how much they used the Proactive Coping, which is one sub-scale of the Proactive Coping Inventory, predicted how much they felt depression and anxiety. Based on that result, we made a program, gave it to college students and evaluated the effect. The result revealed that depression and anxiety significantly declined after they took the program and didn’t rise even after they started working for half a year. It suggested that the program had a certain effect on preventing the acquisition of mental health disorders. We made workbooks which students can review the program after they graduated.

Since around 1990, efficacy of the cognitive behavioral therapy as treatment for depression has been made clear mainly in Europe and America. The present study was conducted with the main purpose as the development of a problem-solving program in Japan, which is effective in mitigating negative mood states(depression, anxiety, worry), based on the problem-solving therapy, one of the cognitive behavioral therapy techniques. As a result, a pattern in the process of solving the problem of being liable to fall into negative mood states, and also an effective pattern in problem-solving were found out. So an education program for the effective problem-solving pattern was worked out and guidance was given to persons such as employees on sick leave due to mental health disorder, and it was verified that their negative mood states were alleviated.

就活・大学 Paper

雑学・コラム Internet