This study sought to clarify the transformation and succession of the historical environment of Cakranegara, a historical Indonesian city based on the following viewpoints: 1) transformation of building lots and their uses; 2) utilization of space on the streets; and 3) proposing appropriate indices to evaluate the historical environment of Cakranegara. The major findings were: 1) the transformation of the spatial structure of the city can be evaluated by analyzing the relationship between the change of building lots and their uses. The tendency of splitting or consolidating lots varies depending on land use type and location; however, almost half of the building lots have retained their original size; 2) the utilization of public space in Cakranegara can be analyzed and evaluated using seven categories of objects, three time scales, three types of ownership, and five categories of open space; 3) usage of Tagtagan, which is a space installed along both sides of a street, has transformed from a space for religious activities and planting trees to a space with multiple uses for daily living activities; and 4) public space is characterized by a dualistic spatial structure – space for commercial/transportation uses and space for residential uses – based on road hierarchies.

This paper is comparative study with previous study to verify 20 years change of Chowringhee district (Kolkata, India), past European residential area of colonial Calcutta. The primary purpose is to clarify how the area has changed, mainly focusing on the renewal (reconstruction, extension and renovation) of buildings, and the combine or sub-division of the site. The grand purpose of this paper is to discuss how to evaluate the colonial heritage of the Western powers left in the big cities around the world, and how to utilize the historical blocks maintained in the urban core of the colonial cities.

There are many unique living environments in Southeast Asia. Those environments often suffer from natural disasters. Support for rebuilding lives in rural villages is provided by a government, international organizations and NGOs. However, it is told that those support destroy the traditional way of living in impacted areas. This study spotlight to Bayan Timur village, which is famous for keeping their traditional cultural environment, and suffered from earthquake disaster in 2018, the 2018 Lombok earthquake. We continue the field survey at this village from 1992, and also conducted the survey on damage soon after the event. This research targets to one year after, the phase of temporary recovery of housing. The goal of this study is to clarify the influence of damage, and temporary housing to the traditional living styles in Bayan Timur after the event. Field survey was conducted in August of 2019. After the disaster, many people lived outdoors, regardless of the damage to the main building due to the fear of the walls collapsing by the earthquake, they moved to places such as Berugak and terraces where the risk of damage is low. Receiving the provision of temporary shelter from NPO, many households moved bedroom and kitchen that had been in Berugak and terraces to the temporary shelters. The way of living mainly outdoors has changed to the way of living in temporary shelter. Before the provision of temporary shelter, Berugak was mainly used as a bedroom. Bedding was placed in Berugak, and furniture such as shelves were placed around Berugak, so it was far from the original space of Berugak. One year after the disaster, the living space was moved to a temporary shelter, and Berugak returned to its original space. Temporary shelter is thought to play a role in returning Berugak to its original space. From the analysis of relation among temporary shelter, Berugak, and main building, the pre-disaster relation among Berugak and main building has recovered even though temporary shelter was injected and used as a bed room. It means that the traditional way of space use were resilient to impact from disaster such as building damage and temporary shelter construction.

City blocks composed of Shophouses in the central district of Phnom Penh, which is referred to as the "Shophouse blocks", is facing a risk of losing the built environment due to rapid urbanization recent years. It is important to grasp spatial urban structure to properly identify characteristics of shophouse blocks and its functions to sustain characteristics of individual space and development of the entire city whereas the most of previous studies on the Shophouses focused on the spatial structure and usage of the Shophouse itself without identifying its role in the entire city. This study aims to clarify the functions of "Shophouse blocks" in Phnom Penh by analyzing inhabitants' transportation activity obtained from person trip survey and activity diary survey. The former is used to grasp the entire spatial urban structure and the latter focuses on the detailed inhabitants' living activities in Shophouse blocks. The results are summarized below: 1) Influential areas of job core (major employment area) and consumption core (major area for private activities) are formulated separately in the central district and suburbs. Influential sphere of job cores are formulated along ring road by consolidating different types of job cores such as office and factory which results in the mosaic structure without centrality; 2) Function of Shophouse blocks is characterized by its vertical and horizontal position, [A] outer edge of blocks/ ground floor, [B] inside block/ ground floor and [C] upper floors. Living sphere of residents in the quadrant [A] is quite small compared to the ones in [B] and [C]. The quadrant [A] provides work-place near or in the residence whereas [B] and [C] provides labor force to neighboring area; and 3) Shophouse blocks integrate multiple urban functions – living space, workforce, consumption – transitively in each quadrant which composes high density dwelling in the urban center. Refining spatial usage of the blocks and intensive land utilization will enhance living characteristics observed in quadrant [B] and [C] and will bring more transport demand which run out of the road capacity around Shophouse bocks. It will be one of the measures to sustain characteristics of Shophouse blocks in parallel with the development of the entire city by balancing function distribution in each quadrant in line with the times. It is also important to induce development pressure to more appropriate places with larger block surrounded by wider road.

Alleyways are functional not only as passages but also as space for complementing inhabitants' needs of their daily activities and for communication with neighbors. Plenty of alleyways are formulated inside the shophouse blocks in the central area of Phnom Penh. It is utilized as both private and public space by inhabitants whereas underlying principles of alleyway – correspondence relationship between space and activity – are still remaining as a key subject on the architectural and urban planning regardless of the difficulty of preserving such spatial functions due to rapid development pressure. Statistical approach utilizing spatial information of alleyways and inhabitants' activities will lead appropriate understanding of such phenomenon and its outcomes are expected to support spatial planning of city blocks, This study aims to grasp spatial characteristics of alleyways and its impact on inhabitants' activity through statistical analyses utilizing spatial information developed from network analysis based on the field survey. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1) Alleyways are utilized by 16% out of the total area of 12,636m2. Living activities dominates 80% of utilized area whereas commercial activities fulfill the remaining 20% of the utilized area. Among living activities, 37% of the area is used as parking of motorbikes, 15% as others/ storage and 10% as chatting and cleaning respectively. Commercial activities are dominated by retail selling and eatery by 9% and 8% respectively. 2) Activity density tends to increase in proportion to the width of alleyways. Eateries are mostly located at the alleyways with 2~4m width whereas retail selling and chatting/ relaxing activities are located at the ones with 5~7m width. Motorbikes are located evenly across the most of widths. Shortest path distance does not have significant impact on activity density. Alleyways with accumulative angle over 270 degrees and approach to alleyways from sidewalk around the block indicate higher activity density as well. 3) Alleyways are classified into 11 clusters by cluster analysis. Narrow dead-end alleyways are merely used as parking. Chatting/ relaxing tend to be generated at the location with high density of building entrances and wider width. Cooking and eating activities are mainly distributed at narrow and recessed places. Other/ storage are observed either at narrow and recessed alleyways or alleyways with wider width. Eateries are located at the approach to alleyways whereas retail selling tends to be located at large-opened area. 4) Multiple regression coefficient is not high for individual activity by cluster; however, entire living activities indicates relatively higher coefficient by 0.47 of R2 in which cluster 8 to 11, the alleyways with wider width, gives positive impact on generation of living activities. These results infer several perceptions on block planning, that is, a) necessity of appropriate arrangement of parking, b) emplacing wide-width alleyways gradually dispersed into individual space by taking turns while keeping certain amount of width for coexistence of commercial and living activities inside shophouse blocks, and c) enlargement and improvement of accessibility to building entrances will enhance utilization of narrow and dead-end alleyways by converting current usage from storage to other living activities.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the current situation of housing damage and living space in the initial period toward recovery after the Lombok earthquake which occurred in July and August, 2018. Our field survey was conducted on Bayan village, northern part of Lombok one month after the earthquake. While many houses of masonry structure were damaged, only a few wooden houses were damaged. Especially traditional building types such as bale and berugak were not damaged at all. Berugak are utilized as main space of their living towards recovery. Utilization of natural resources and community bonds have the power for their recovery.

City blocks in the central district of Phnom Penh are composed of shophouses, defined as "shophouse blocks" in this study, fulfilled with mixed environment of inhabitants' living and commercial activities. However, these blocks are in the process of reorganization due to redevelopment by plottage of multiple shophouses. It is concerned that current movement will resulted in the loss of built environment by unifying varied use of shophouse blocks and diversity of inhabitants. Diversity is one of a key to the sustainability of city blocks commonly regarded as a modern issue both in developing and developed countries. This study aims to clarify habitation characteristics of shophouse blocks utilizing a data base obtained from large scale interview surveys focusing on proximity of home and workplace and diversity of households. It also intends to overcome a limitation of previous studies on shophouse which could not verify such characteristics of shophouse blocks in a relative manner amongst the entire city. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1) An inhabitants' cluster named "settle in residents/ residential zone", where people stay in their home or their residential area long time, belongs to the largest group in city centers consisting of shophouse blocks; however, this cluster also dominate in other areas as well. Another cluster named "intermediate", where the people take middle-range trip and stay their home or their residential area in a certain amount of time, is the second largest cluster in the city center. Comparing with other areas, it cannot be said that the living pattern characterized by proximity of home and workplace is a dominant pattern in shophouse blocks; 2) There are three factors which affects trip length of inhabitants in shophouse blocks, that is, a) number of vehicles owned by household, b) occupation and c) coincident with home and workplace. Amongst these factors, the third factor has the strongest impact which makes the inhabitants less outgoing and take shorter trip length; 3) Inhabitants who works at their home are distributed to the ground floor, especially the outer edge of shophouse blocks, and less observed on the upper floors. Due to the characteristics of their living pattern, different range of living sphere are formulated in "ground floor at outer edge of city blocks", "ground floor at inside of city blocks" and "upper floors"; and 4) Spatial distribution of household types does not have significant difference both in vertically and horizontally direction in shophouse blocks. On the other hand, high income households are distributed to the ground floor and the outer edge of shophouse blocks whereas the share of low income households tends to increase on upper floors. These results indicates several characteristics of shophouse blocks, that is, a) shophouse blocks have three different living spheres in "ground floor/ outer edge of block – ground floor/ inside block – upper floors", b) diversity of household types characterized by even distribution of varied household types across the entire blocks and hierarchy of household income distribution in vertical direction, and c) shophouse has flexibility to fit into variety of residents' living needs and life stage which contribute to maintain sustainability of shophouse blocks.

The aims of this study are to clarify the current situation of sound environment and feelings and image evoked by the sound at Tomoi area in Higashi-Osaka city, selected as a case study of built-up area rapidly developed in 1960s.  The sound in the built-up area is broadly classified into two categories; the one produced in exterior space and the other inside houses. We found 82 types of sound in exterior space and classified it into six categories; ‘activity’, ‘voice’, ‘nature(water・wind)’, ‘nature(creature)’, ‘traffic’ and ‘equipment’ whereas 36 types of the sound produced inside houses are classified into four categories; ‘activity’, ‘voice’, ‘nature (creature)’ and ‘equipment’.  The sound captured in exterior space varies with location. ‘Voice’ is mainly collected at around the facilities such as elementary schools and preschools. As most of ‘nature(water・wind)’ comes from wind, the number of objects such as garden trees and clothes at drying space has an impact on its production. As the ‘nature(creature)’ is mostly produced by birds, its production is affected by the number of trees to sit on. The number of ‘traffic’ tends to increase along wider roads. The sound source produced by ‘equipment’ is dominated by condenser units along streets. The sound produced in the exterior space is significantly affected by location and time as it contains not only the one captured nearby houses but also the one produced on the road and above.  Frequency and category of sound produced inside houses vary according to housing types. ‘Cooking’ was frequently captured at row houses and bunka-jutaku because of the kitchens located at the side of front roads. There was little sound captured at detached houses with large site whereas the ones with smaller site frequently brought ‘voice’ and ‘activity’. Small-scale detached house hardly brought the sound due to the location of living and private rooms located at or above the first floor. Sound is hardly captured at front roads of apartment house as it keeps a distance between the roads and dwelling units where parking, side corridors and shared entrances are located in between.  Feelings and image recalled from the sound are classified into eleven categories and it can be reclassified into three large categories; ‘feelings to the sound’, ‘feelings to the sound source’ and ‘evoking image by the sound’. Four categories; ease, surprise, fear and unpleasant are in ‘feelings to the sound’. Four categories; interest, wish, resign and admire are in ‘feelings to the sound source’. Three categories; daily life, retrospection and silent are in ‘evoking image by the sound’.

The aim of this study is to clarify the transition of townscape in the historic area in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia through the continuous surveys of the rehabilitation process of 2009 Sumatra Earthquake. Padang is a provincial capital of West Sumatra which faces to the Indian Ocean and has a history as the Dutch East India Company's trading port. The historic area in Padang is formed along the Batang Arau river which is connected to the port. Historic buildings and townscape suffered severe damage by the earthquake occurred on September 30th in 2009.    This survey shows that the historic urban landscape of Padang could be divided into four areas: Batan Arau street along the river where warehouse and offices are located; Chinese Klenteng area around the Buddhist temple and its related facilities; Niaga street, a commercial street that developed after the end of the 19th century; and Pasar Batipuh, Pasar Hilir and Pasar Mudik street, another commercial streets that existed since the early days of the Dutch colonial period.    Building activities such as demolishing, rebuilding and repairing, were completed almost in two years after the earthquake in historic area in Padang. The restoration of large-scale warehouses and historic buildings along Batan Arau street were completed within two years. Otherwise, there are no new buildings because of the difficulty in using such large pieces of land. On the other hand, the demolition of buildings and construction of new buildings proceeded rapidly within two years in the area around Klenteng. Small- scale historic buildings along the old commercial streets were abandoned at least five years after the disaster and are now in the process of demolition or restoration.  There is the local code of the city of Padang to preserve the façade of historic buildings, but it only requires the façade to be physically preserved without considering building volume or building use.    Seventy percent of affected small buildings were restored urgently using temporary repair methods. This means that the restoration was not effective and did not correspond to the condition of each building. The utilization of space changed after the earthquake at least second-third surveyed buildings. There are five types of changes: function coexistence, function replacement, space sharing, space division, and addition of function and space. Function replacement and space division were seen most frequently in the historic area of Padang, and showed how people continue to use historic buildings corresponding to their changes in circumstance.

Townscape of central area in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, is formulated by two– or three–storied shophouses which were built after 1960's. Vacant flat rooftop of those shophouses is currently occupied by residents as their living space. One of the common cases of such occupation is to extend the highest floor to possess rooftop floors for their own use, which is commonly overserved in one–span shophouses. On the other hand, large and planar rooftop space on "apartment type" shophouses is utilized as living space for multiple households whose communities are independent from main body of shophouses. Such a style of living itself, living with shpohouses and/or city, seems to be quite unique.  Historical background of rooftop settlements is considered to back to the civil war from 1970 to 1993, especially confusing period after demise of Pol–Pot regime; however, actual situation of rooftop settlements during the period is not apparent.  This study focused on dwelling place formulated on rooftop floors of shophouses, which have not been paid attentions, to clarify its actual situation from architectural points of views, those are, spatial composition of rooftop dwellings, utilization of space and their communities, especially taking notice of cooperativity among dwellers.  As reported in the previous study, living rooms in main body of shophouses are commonly placed over against balconies toward roadside, keeping a certain amount of distance from entrances of each room and share space, where share space is usually composed of corridors and star cases. Dissociation between living space and common space as well as monofunctionalized common space derives disuse of common space by dwellers. On the other hand, wealth of cooperativity were observed in rooftop settlements which is caused by some contrastive factors compared to main body of shophouses, that is, living–access, existence of large external space, possession and/or sharing external space, living activities on external space and sharing public service.  We concluded those characteristics into four portions:  Small–scale houses are built adjacently on rooftop floors. Though formulation process of rooftop settlements could not be clarified, it is clarified that it became dense incrementally after demise of Pol–Pot regime. New construction of houses is prohibited currently; however, minor repair and reconstruction, sublease, sales and purchase of houses are still possible. Most of housing plan is dominated by "living–access" type which enables dwellers easily access external space from inside their houses.  Layout of houses itself on rooftop floors is classified into four types, which ensures certain amount of external space not to densely built up rooftop floors. External space is utilized for cooking, association among dwellers, washing, religious activities and planting. Twenty to thirty percent of residents take close relation with others for mutual assistance. Remaining dwellers also take daily conversation in external space.  External space is not owned by dwellers explicitly; however, dwellers keep spatial common–sense of how to possess and/or share external space in common. In principle, the space from front face of each house until center line of alleyways can be utilized by each dweller unless it does not prevent passages by others.  Public services as water, electronic and toilet are formerly shared with lower floors and/or other houses on rooftop floors. Currently, most of houses subscribe those services to public sectors led by administrative direction. Toilet is still shared among residents.

This study aims to evaluate impacts on living environment caused by the on-site slum improvement program implemented in Borei Keila district in Phnom Penh, Cambodia through interview survey to the residents who were relocated to collective housings built by the program. At first, changes of general living conditions were confirmed quantitatively. Water leakage by rainfall, suffering around 70 percent of the residents in their previous housings, was completely improved by the program. Anxieties about eviction from their previous housings, in spite of the fact that around 90 percent of residents purchased those housings by themselves, were also eliminated by the program. Household income was decreased among 40 percent of residents because the residents were relocated to upper floors which resulted in worse condition in terms of the business opportunities. Association with neighbors in the district became less frequent while it became more frequent to invite their friends living outside the district to the new housings. Opportunities to communicate with neighbors and depth of relationship became less frequent and poor. Frequency of outing became lower than before as well. We found twenty three criteria to evaluate the impacts of relocation by the program. Eight criteria were set to evaluate relocation housings, that is, room layout, floor area, extension/reconstruction, verticalization of the building, parking, utilities and structural safety. There are three evaluation criteria for living environment; sanitation, security and noise, five criteria for economic environment; income, business opportunity, dwelling expense, public service and additional expenditure, seven criteria for social relation; personal relation, community, manner, site location, accessibility, ownership and relocation. These criteria can be applied as the items to be taken into account for project implementation. As for the housing units, the residents tend not to prefer one room type apartment; moreover, they intend to extend and/or reconstruct their rooms. Meanwhile, some residents are also dissatisfied with additional expenses for reconstruction of their rooms. The residents are dissatisfied with the floor area which is the same for all residents regardless of their needs and with accessibility to the ground. They also concerns about structural safety of the buildings and its maintenance. The primary objectives of the program; resolving issues on sanitation, security and water leakage, are mostly solved. However, security issue was partially improved in conjunction with the new issues due to mutual distrust. Although there are few cases of changing occupation owing to on site relocation, the residents who used to operate their business in (or in front of) their previous houses were largely affected by the program. Some residents are still anxious about the right of occupation despite of the program implementation. Relationship between communities in the previous housings became weak due to selection of relocation address by a lottery, which can be interpreted as an issue on inheritance of previous living environment to the relocation site. It is necessary to take into consideration the importance of inheriting previous living environment for the program in accord with the aforementioned issues to eliminate negative impacts of the program.

This study aims to clarify spatial composition of residential environment which was spontaneously created in squatter area along drainage channel in Steung Mean Cheay in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Occupation by dwellers was started in 1985 forming residential area above drainage channel and lands along with the channel. As of 2011, there are 75 households and 301 inhabitants living in the area. The area so called as slum or squatter is regarded as a place to be cleaned out from the standpoints of its vulnerability to natural disasters, criminality and hygienic environment. On the other hand, it can be evaluated as the habitation with a variety of living activities, cultivating fertile community and spontaneous/continuous self build. This study focuses on Steung Mean Cheay, as a case of spontaneous formulation of living environment in squatter area which provides wealthy living environment by individual renewal of housings, to clarify composition of external space in the settlement which is formulated by individual self build activities without changing building sites and landform. Characteristics of spatial composition in spontaneous living environment along drainage channel are concluded below. Housing plan is classified into four types with two basic spatial patterns as living access and separated kitchen. Intermediate areas are classified into five types which are planned to ensure connection between spaces outside home. External space is utilized for four types of activities: 1) personal activity, 2) household activity, 3) commercial activity and 4) leisure activity. Commercial and leisure activities are dominant among those activities. Females take important role to generate those activities. Intermediate space functions to formulate vibrant space with a variety of those activities. Cross sections of external space have a variety of patterns formulated by different ways of connection between lower, upper parts of the sections and intermediate spaces which keep changing frequently. These various types of sections as well as living activities at intermediate space stimulate vibrant views to pedestrians. Sequence of alleyways is varied due to following spatial factors; panoramic intermediate space, perspective and skew of alleyways and existence of external living activities. Those stimulant factors range at short, medium and long distance and induce pedestrians gaze up action, which turns into a variety of perspectives.

The aim of this study is to clarify the space transformation of houses with raised floor in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We conclude the result as below from the date mostly based on the field survey. Previously one family lived in one house, but now several families live in one house by making additional new space and dividing large previous house space. They can access to their houses by using vacant land space for passage or arranging stairs on several positions or sharing corridor and veranda with each other. They satisfy the needs by sharing living space and access.

The aim of this study is to clarify the method of community design education for elementary school students by focusing on a case study of 'Machidukuri for children on Karahori'. We have tried to bring into the action for three years from 2008 to 2010. In this paper we could describe the key concepts of the program and workshop methods for community design education in historical urban district.

The aim of this study is to clarify the spatial recomposition of row house and alley on Nakazaki area in Kita-ward, Osaka-city. I conclude the results as below from the data mostly based on the field survey. In case of row house conversion I could find five methods; elimination, installation, removal, renewal and material exchange. Row houses can adapt new functions flexibly by these five methods. Alleys can also adapt changes caused by row house conversion. Beside art objects and signboards which are situated in front of these conversion shops, domestic articles such as bicycles and air conditioning units outside can be seen. Flexibility and redundancy of row house and alley could be indicated.

The aim of this study is to clarify spatial formation of residential settlements on squatter area by analyzing spatial formation and utilization of houses and open spaces on Borei Keila which is one of the largest squatter areas in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We conclude the results as below from the data mostly based on the field survey. 1. Simple beds, fire equipment and big water pot are the basic components of interior space. Houses over thirty square meters generally have separate living, dining, private and sanitary rooms. 2. Small open spaces and narrow alleys compose the residential block. Though this residential area was made by each self-built house, definite levels exists on width of the alleys. 3. Around eighty percent of houses have devices such as deep eaves and outside bed to connect interior and exterior space. 4. Outside behaviors are cooking, eating, bathing, washing clothes, discharging, conversation, play, taking rest, sleep, selling and buying, working and others.

This study had the aim of explaining the mechanisms of autonomous spatial recomposition of shophouses in Phnom Penh (Cambodia), along with understanding the current status of spatial recomposition of these dwellings based on a field survey. Four detailed case studies were chosen for analysis and it was discovered that three points can be raised as causes for spatial recomposition: (1) securing living space, (2) securing independence and (3) changes in access method and four locations can be raised as spacial recomposition locations: (a) dwelling unit interior, (b) residential block interior, (c) city block space and (d) space between residential blocks. In addition, the results of analysis of 60 buildings and 74 dwellings showed 289 spatial recomposition locations. In particular, it is characteristic that there are a high number of extensions to residential block interiors and many instances of privatization of corridors, addition of kitchens/bathrooms, interiorization of terraces and construction of small rooms on roofs can be seen. By organizing the spatial recomposition methods, it was discovered that eight ways exist: (1) stacked layer, (2) installation of interior floors, (3) addition of kitchens/bathrooms, (4) appropriation of space outside the dwelling, (5) fencing in space, (6) closing of stairways, (7) installation of stairways, and (8) removal of walls.

The aim of this study is to clarify the space organization of Phsar Chas, old market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We conclude the results as below from the data mostly based on the field survey. Phsar Chas does not have rigid big building like an ordinary market. It is gathering of small shops without big building. 1.5 meter square is the basic form of the shops. The shop space is made by layout of equipments such as showcase, chairs and sewing machines. Flexibility is the feature of the shop spaces. The shop space is also for living. They talk, eat meal, sleep and play in the shop. Passage is used not only for movement but also for work and life. They work, wait for customers, talk, play and take a rest on passage. Passage has a function to accept activities and equipments which cannot be set on the shop space.

The aim of this study is to clarify the characteristics of art exhibition space that is performed on a historical urban area. We analyze features of locations and spaces that art works are situated and visitors' behavior that art works influence. The conclusions are as follows: 1) Old row houses, shophouses and alleys are paid attentions because they become exhibition space. 2) Narrow alleys have potential of exhibition space. Lattices and plants can be a background of art works which are hung on a wall. Small spaces such as garage and vacant space can be used as exhibition space. 3) Art works cause various behavior that are not seen on a daily life.

The aim of this study is to clarify the space organization and space utilization of Anlong Ta Uor village, Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia. We extracted 100 raft houses by fieldwork and analyzed them. The raft house consists of four spaces, front veranda, living room, private rooms and backside veranda. We can classify these houses in five house types and conclude‘front veranda - main rooms - backside kitchen’is basic composition. We also clarify various function of veranda by checking things there and openness of living room by checking the existence of doors and windows. Finally by surveying inhabitants' activities, collaborative use of living rooms and verandas can be realized by connecting floating houses with each other.

The aim of this study is to clarify the exterior space utilization on the urban blocks in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We conclude the results as blow from the data mostly based on the field survey. The contents of the first floor on the urban blocks consist of 1.restaurants, 2.retailer, 3.service industry, 4.factory, 5.house. Concerning on the relation between the interior and exterior space, we can grasp four types; extension type, closed type, stand-alone type and moving type. The interior space and the exterior space connect tight around a restaurant, and the exterior space is utilized actively for sitting and eating. In case the width of an alley is more than three meters and the position contacts the sidewalk, many things on shops and industries are set on the alley.

The aim of this study is to clarify the space organization of the shophouse and the block formation in Daun Penh area, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We analyze the space formation of the house and the housing complex on fifty-five houses, and the formation of housing lots and alleys on the thirty blocks by the field survey. We clarify three types of the shopshouse. Considering on the formation, we conclude the multi-story living in one span which can be seen on French colonial shophouse is the original one. Transformation of the shophouse makes the role of back alley important. We can grasp two housing lots types and four types of the way of utilizing the alleys.

Vigan is one of the most preserved Spanish colonial towns in the Philippines. Founded as a Spanish town in 1574, Vigan became a commercial- and industrial center of the northern Luzon region, prospered with natives, Chinese, and Chinese mestizos. The wealthy mestizos in 19^ century built costly residence called bahay na bato (house of stone). In December 1999, UNESCO registered Vigan townscape as a World Heritage site, recognizing bahay na bato as a historical "Filipino" architecture. This paper first explains the history of urban residence in Manila, the Spanish colonial capital in the Philippines. In the 19th century, the urban abode formed a certain style, bahay na bato, and prevailed in coastal towns in Luzon and Visayas. Bahay na bato has a unique structure, wooden posts covered with bricks and plaster; it is a solution to frequent fire and earthquake. The distinctive capiz shell window shows eclectic craftsmanship of Chinese, native, and possibly Japanese artisans. Following plan analysis of Vigan's existing bahay na bato consists of the study of spatial patterns, house types and the relations between house- and lot sizes. Examining bahay na bato further suggests the correspondence of Vigan to the Spanish colonial towns in Latin America.

Vigan is one of the most preserved Spanish colonial towns in the Philippines. With numerous historical buildings and houses, UNESCO registered Vigan as the World Heritage in December 1999. As an entrepot flourished by Chinese mestizo residents, Vigan forms an amalgam of native, Chinese and Spanish cultural landscape. The public spaces such as the poblacion (city center) strongly reflects Leyes de Indias (Laws of Indies): plaza surrounded by cathedral, convent, city hall, and relatively grid street pattern. Yet, deviation from the Spanish colonial city planning concept is visible, in comprising two main plazas, and in the indistinct racial residential separation. The paper is composed of : administration history of Vigan and the Philippines ;reference to the Leves de Indias colonial law and other Hispanized towns ; and considerations on block formation, road width, and lot division in Vigan. In conclusion, this paper proposes 3×3 block subdivision style and the modified use of Spanish module svstem in Vigan.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the learning program and background of citizen participated planning, studying the case on Matsue Community Design Seminar. We clarify ten features about leaning program as below. 1. relationship with public sector, 2. various participator, 3. continuing learning, 4. picking up concrete project as theme, 5. learning participatory methods, 6. discovering new point of view to town by fieldwork, 7. giving a role to professionals in the region, 8. schedule program, 9. informing by open gathering, 10. group action based on original theme. Learning participatory methods and continuing learning are mainly the cause of spread of community design.

This paper aims to clarify the formation and transformation process of Chowringhee district in Calcutta, India based on the field survey. Chowringhee district which is now located in central business district of Calcutta is well known as the living quater developed for the English high officials of East India Company. The residences in which the English live was called garden house. Many garden houses were built in Chowringhee district but is not so well preserved. One of the objectives of this paper is to record the distribution of the historical buildings left. The development process is firstly analysed by using the historical maps. We calcurate all the sizes of house lots and trace their transformation. As a result the consistent land subdevisional process are confirmed. The latter part of this paper discusses the present condition of the district. The contrast of high-rise condominium and street dwellers symbolized the district. The heritage of garden houses will be lost in the near future if land use system is reorganized appropriately.

The purpose of this study is to clarify how a community development evolve by academic network engaged in various specialty. We focus on the activity of Community lab. In Matsue city. Concerning on the evolution of activity, we clarify five characteristics, 1. Converting from lecture to practice, 2. New idea coming out thorough practice, 3. Making a slight idea new project, 4. Networking knowledge, 5. Occasion to make educational chance. We also clarify four characteristics about practice project, 1. Improving through practice, 2. Spreading citizen network, 3. Partnership with public and citizen, 4. Transformation of sense.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the transitional process of the urban plan on castle towns in the modern period. Selectiong the city of Mastue as a case study area, we analyze the distribution of the urban facilities and transiton of street network. We clarified the following five points. 1) center of the castle town functioned also as a city center in the modern period. 2) on the middle of Meiji period north-south axis of the city was strengthened. 3) by arising of the railway station, the other new center emerged. 4) transition of the city center was symbolized as coming in and out of the educational facilities. 5) decision of the street plan under the town planning law introduced shaping suburbs.

The purpose of this study is to consider the principles of space formation in the houses, villages and cities, focusing on the cosmology that decide physical arrangement. We selected Cakranegara city in Lombok island, Indonesia, as a case study. Cakranegara was built as a colonial city of Karanngasem Kingdom in Bali in 18th century. We guess Cakranegara was constructed based on the idea of Bali Hindu City. This study clarifies the space organization of the city by discussing streets pattern, land division, formation of living quarter, distribution of temples, community organization, distribution of the cast and etc. Pura Meru, the central biggest and impressive Hindu temple, dedicated to Brahumana, Vishunu and Siva, was built in 1720 by the king of Karangasem, Agung Made Ngurah, to unite all the Balinese small kingdoms in Lombok. Enclosing three towers, there stand 33 small shrines. The name of each small shrine is derived from the name of karang (neighborhood unit) which has been maintaining the building. We can consider that the distribution of temples (puras) show the original area of the city. This paper clarified the distribution of these karangs and area planned in the beginning of the construction of Cakranegara.

The purpose of this study is to consider the principles of space formation in the houses, villages and cities, focusing on the cosmology that decide physical arrangement. We selected Cakranegara city in Lombok island, Indonesia, as a case study. Cakranegara was built as a colonial city of Karanngasem Kingdom in Bali in 18th century. We guess Cakranegara was constructed based on the idea of Bali Hindu City. This paper clarifies the characteristics of habitat segregation among Muslim, Chinese, Balinese. About Balinese, the habitat segregation between caste is also clarified. The structure of segregation Cakranegara is very clear. The structure is as follows. 1) Balinese people lives in central area though Muslim lives in edge of area which have the grid pattern. The housing lot and the road pattern is completely different between living area of Balinese and that of Muslim. 2) Each Karang, community unit, have pura, Hindu temple, and Musjit. 3) Chines is scattered all area of Cakranegara. Chinese basically work for commerce. 4) Balinese makes segregation depending on caste. Brahumana lives in north and East. Ksatnya lives in west side and Gusti lives in east side. The caste which relate to kings family, Agung, Ratu, lives in the place previously located palace.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the principles of space formation of Madurese houses, house compounds and villages. In Indonesia, many settlements of Proto-Malay tribes like Batak, Toraja are formed as parallel disposition pattern. Madurese settlements also follow the same pattern. Compared to the settlements of other tribes, Madurese settlements are significant as a prototype because they realize that pattern in the smallest scale. It is also pointed out that Javanese and Balinese settlements in pre-Hindu period followed the same pattern. The analysis on Madurese settlements might reveal the basic rules of space formation of the settlements in Indonesia. This paper firstly tries to grasp the settlement patterns in rural regions in Madura Island. After looking at all the regions in Madura Island, Sanggra Agung is chosen to be surveyed more specifically. Judging from the result of the survey, it is concluded that Islamic influence has played an important role to keep indigenous space formation system of Madurese settlements particularly in western Madura.

The purpose of this study is to consider the principles of space formation of houses, villages and the cities focusing on the cosmology that decide physical arrangement. We selected Cakranegara in Lombok island, Indonesia, as a case study. Lombok island attracts us from several view points. As is well known, there runs Wallace line between Lombok and Bali island. Lombok island is also interesting in terms of religion. Most of Balinese are Hindu though over 90 % of the population in Indonesia are Muslim. Islam is dominant in Lombok island, but we can see the strong influence of Bali Hindu in the western part of the island. The fact that Hindu and Muslim people coexist in a small island is worthy to be investigated. Cakranegara is the city we firstly discovered if allowed to exaggerate its importance in the history of Indonesian cities. Karangasem Kingdom in Ball built Cakranegara as a colonial city in 18th century. Though Cakranegara was in the far east of Indian civilization at that period. We guess Cakranegara was constructed ideally based on the ancient idea of Hindu City. It is very interesting that Nagara- Kertagama; the Lontar paper that describe the Jawa and Majapahit kingdom in the 14th century, was discovered within the Kraton (palace) of Cakranegara. This paper is the first paper of a series of study on Cakranegara. This paper defined the purpose of study on Cakranegara and clarifies street's pattern, land division as the first step of a series of study on Cakranegara.

Kampung Improvement Program(KIP) is a well-known project for improving living environments in urban residential area in Indonesia. One of the most important concerns that has come about as a result of KIP is the need to establish a new urban housing model considering the redevelopment plans for Kampungs in the next stage. This paper tries to evaluate the outstanding example called Rusun(Rumah susun) Sombo which was designed and organized by Prof. Johan Silas(ITS) for the future development of the urban housing model, based on the analysis of utilization of common space. The dwelling units in Rusun Sombo were provided in two steps using the skeleton-infill system. The inhabitants decide how to use the inside of their dwelling unit after moving in and construct the infill walls themselves. As well as planning the buildings, a totally unique approach was taken through the whole process of the project.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the orientation system of holy places and the settlements in Lombok island, Indonesia. Kemaliq is a holy place for the waktu telu, indigenous muslim in Lombok island. Pura is a holy place for the Bali-Hindu. In pura people pray to the north or the direction of Mt. Rinjani. In kemaliq people pray to the north, different from the orthodox muslim who pray to Mekkah (the west). In the Balinese house in Cakranegara, sanggah, the holy space, is located in the north-east area. In the village Taniung, sanggah is in the north-west area. Sanggah is related to the holy mountain. In the Sasak villages in the northern part of Lombok island, the layout of settlements is related to Mt. Rinjani. We can find that the orientation of buildings in holy places and the settlements in Lombok island is related to the holy mountain.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the space organization of the settlemerits in DESA BAYAN in Lombok Island. Three types of the settlements are found in Lombok Island. We focus on DESA BAYAN,one of the northern type settlements in these three types. The settlements are consist of houses, BERUGAK and granaries. Houses and BERUGAK are laid in linear. INEN BALE is found only in this area. Houses are classified in six types. We can see the big transition of BARE space. By considering the utilization of BERUGAK space and the ownership of the buildings, we can find the important role of BERUGAK and the strong connection between houses and BERUGAK.

① 調査対象とする建物内外の気象観測、材料内含水率分布の非破壊測定、塩害の経時変化の記録などを実施した。 ② 塩を含んだ多孔質材料の平衡含水率を測定、それを近似するモデルを作成し、塩を含んだ材料に対する拡張独立領域理論の概念に基づき、塩を含んだ材料の履歴に関する実験結果を再現した。また、塩の影響を含む多孔質材料の水分伝導率を測定した。さらに、土壌の水分特性曲線と不飽和透水係数を測定する装置を応用し、複数の石材の水分物性測定を実現した。 ③ 実態調査と建築材料の物性値測定の結果に基づく数値解析により、組積造・石造建造物における水分・塩移動特性を明らかにし、それに基づく現地での保存方法を提案した。

継続的な現地調査によって、漸進的開発のための建築・都市計画手法を解明するための基盤となる都市住居・都市景観・土着的住居の構成を明らかにするとともに、実際に不法占拠地の居住環境改善事業として計画の進む地区を対象に、新規計画に継承すべき従前居住地の空間構成を明らかにした。地域固有の計画手法を確立するために、現地調査の重要性を再確認するとともに、多角的に地域の生活空間の構成を明らかにした。

過去2ヵ年度の研究にひきつづき、カンボジアを主な調査対象地とし、「東南アジアの土着的住居・集落にみられる計画技術の活用に関する研究」を進めた。これまで、都市居住に焦点をあて、街区居住という視点から宅地割りや路地形態の分析を行うとともに外部空問の利用形態について分析を行ってきた。また街路景観の分析も行ってきた。 18年度は、フランス統治期の都市計画と現在の都市構成の関係を明らかにするため、施設分布や道路構成などに着目しながら都市構成に関する研究を行った。また、東南アジアの都市部でランドマークあるいは都市資源として位置づけられるコロニアル建築に焦点をあてそのデザインの特徴ならびに空間利用の変化について分析を試みた。また、外部空間の活発な活用について詳細な分析を行うため市場の空問構成・空間利用についての分析も行った。 都市居住の根幹をなす都市住居・ショップハウスにっいての分析では、増改築に着目し、多様な増改築の事例を(1)居住面積の確保、(2)独立性の確保、(3)アクセス経路の変更という3点に整理した。今後さらに東南アジアの都市部では開発圧力が高まり、集合住宅の需要が高まっていくと考えられるが、西洋型の集合住宅の型を導入するのではなく、その地域独自の居住様式に適合した集合住宅の型の検討が望まれる。本研究の成果は、その基礎的研究として位置づけられるが、これら3点の特質をべ一スにしながら冗長性の高い建築計画技術の開発が望まれることが明らかとなった。

オランダ植民都市の系譜については、16世紀末以降の植民地化の歴史、特にオランダ東インド会社(VOC 1602-1799)および西インド会社(WIC 1621-1791)の歴史的展開について、その全容を把握する必要がある。まず基本的な文献をもとに、要塞、商館の置かれた場所を含めてオランダ植民都市のリストの作成を行った。確認できたのは157カ所である。続いて、それぞれの植民都市について、ハーグの国立公文書館、アムステルダムの熱帯博物館、ライデン大学熱帯民族文化研究所等で文献資料の収集を行った。特に地図資料については網羅的に収集を試みリストを作成した。 平行して、都市計画技術をめぐって特にオランダ植民都市のモデルを提供したと考えられるシモン・ステヴィン(1548-1620)の仕事の全容についてまとめることができた。また、オランダ植民地において都市計画に携わった技術者群像について把握することができた。 以上の作業を背景としながら具体的な都市についてフィールド調査を実施した。特に重点を置いたのは、ゴール、コチン、ケープタウン、ウイレムシュタッド、マラッカである。他にインドネシアのスラバヤ、ジャカルタについては継続的に調査を行い、パラマリボ(スリナム)、レシフェについても簡単な調査を試みた。結果としてオランダ植民都市の計画理念およびその類型を明らかにすることができた。また、それぞれの都市におけるその変容の課程を特に都市住宅のあり方に即して明らかにすることができた。

本年度は、主に昨年度の予備調査で選定した地区についての追加調査・分析を行い、植民都市の構造を明らかにした。現地調査に基づき,選定した都市のゾーニング図、街区構成、建築類型、典型的住居の平面・立面等の図面の作成し、データ整理を行った。また、引き続き資料収集も行い、植民都市研究の包括的な文献リストを作成した。 インドでは、ニューデリーに関する追加調査を行うと同時に、マドラス、チェンナイの調査も行いインド植民都市の比較研究を進め、都市の特徴を明らかにした。 南アフリカでは、植民地支配からアパルトヘイトに至るまでの特異な都市空間形成を非白人居住区に焦点をあてて明らかにした。昨年度の予備調査に続き、主にマレー人居住区ポーカープ(ケープタウン)、インド人居住区ローディアム(プレトリア)を対象地区として調査・分析を行った。 オーストラリアでは、キャンベラでの調査を続けるとともに、昨年度の資料収集・予備調査の過程で浮かんできた田園都市計画運動の世界的展開についてアデレードを調査対象地区として選定し、パインランズ(南アフリカ)との比較研究を行った。宗主国から植民都市への田園都市計画理念の移入、実益についての比較研究を通じて、各都市の特性を明らかにした。また、田園都市計画の伝搬にともなう都市計画家の活動についても明らかにした。 本研究では、イギリス植民都市を研究の中心としたが、比較研究のため、昨年度のオランダ植民都市に続き、本年度はスペイン植民都市(ヴィガン、フィリピン)も視野に入れ、資料収集・現地調査を行った。 以上の調査・分析に基づき植民都市の形成と土着化に関する総括を行った。

ロンボク島原住民であるササック族の伝統的住居の形態は2種類ある。それぞれ北部のバヤン村周辺、南部と地域的に住みわけがされている。どちらとも地床式の住居であるが、前者は住居内に高床の倉もつという点で、後者は住居内に高さ1.2m前後の土壇をもつという点で興味深い。ジャワ・バリ・ロンボクには一般に地床式住居が分布するとされているが、生活空間における床のレベルは様々である。大きくは3つの床レベルがある。テラスすなわち生活の中心となる床レベルと就寝のための床レベルと貯蔵のための床レベルである。 床レベルという視点でインドネシアの住居を見るとき、一般には地床式、高床式と違いを見せる様々な住居においても、床レベルとしては共通していることがわかる。 様々な床レベルがあるなかで、テラスが生活空間の中で重要である。テラスが別棟で設けられるロンボク島バヤン村の例を見てみると、住居形態が近年大きく変化しているのに対して、テラスであるブルガberugakはほとんどの世帯で所有されている。 断面的には3つの床レベル、平面的には、私的な空間と外部空間をつなぐセミ・パブリックな空間の存在が、インドネシアの住居の共通項としてあげられる。その共通項をベースにしたがら、各民族、各地域ごとにさまざまな社会的、文化的バックグランドの大きな影響を受け、多様な住居集落形態が形成されていると考えられる。