若林 知成 (ワカバヤシ トモナリ)

  • 理工学部 理学科 教授/学部長補佐
Last Updated :2024/04/25

コミュニケーション情報 byコメンテータガイド

  • コメント

    ポリイン・フラーレン・ナノチューブ等の炭素物質の研究に実績がある。光イオン化質量分析やラマン分光等の物理化学的手法に詳しい。マックス・プランク原子核研究所で1年間客員の経験がある。

研究者情報

学位

  • 博士(理学)(東京都立大学)

ホームページURL

ORCID ID

J-Global ID

研究キーワード

  • レーザー蒸発   炭素クラスター   レーザーアブレーション   クラスター   1光子イオン化   超微粒子   モノサイクリックリング   デヒドロアヌレン   温度画像   質量分析   光解離   黒体放射   サイズ選別   紫外可視吸収   サーモグラフィー   真空紫外レーザー   低温マトリックス   紫外吸収スペクトル   マトリックス分離法   二波長測定   赤外吸収   分光学的同定   炭素鎖分子   マトリックス分離分光   光電子分光   レーザー分光   ポリイン   ナノチューブ   フラーレン   ナノ粒子   炭素   質量スペクトル   

現在の研究分野(キーワード)

    ポリイン・フラーレン・ナノチューブ等の炭素物質の研究に実績がある。光イオン化質量分析やラマン分光等の物理化学的手法に詳しい。マックス・プランク原子核研究所で1年間客員の経験がある。

研究分野

  • ナノテク・材料 / 基礎物理化学
  • 自然科学一般 / 素粒子、原子核、宇宙線、宇宙物理にする理論
  • エネルギー / 原子力工学
  • ナノテク・材料 / ナノ構造物理
  • ナノテク・材料 / ナノ構造化学

経歴

  • 2013年04月 - 現在  近畿大学理工学部教授
  • 2007年04月 - 2013年03月  近畿大学理工学部准教授
  • 2004年04月 - 2007年03月  近畿大学理工学部講師
  • 1995年04月 - 2004年03月  京都大学大学院理学研究科助手
  • 2000年05月 - 2001年05月  Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik客員研究員
  • 1993年04月 - 1995年03月  日本学術振興会特別研究員DC1

学歴

  • 1993年04月 - 1995年03月   東京都立大学   大学院理学研究科   博士後期課程
  • 1991年04月 - 1993年03月   東京都立大学   大学院理学研究科   博士前期課程
  • 1987年04月 - 1991年03月   東京都立大学   理学部   化学科

所属学協会

  • 分子科学会   米国化学会   ナノ学会   フラーレン・ナノチューブ・グラフェン学会   米国物理学会   日本物理学会   日本化学会   

研究活動情報

論文

  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Hal Suzuki; Miho Hatanaka; Hiroyuki Wakabayashi; Takeshi Kodama
    Physical Review B 2024年01月 [査読有り]
  • Taro Yamamoto; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Tadashi Kamiyama; Hal Suzuki
    Thermochimica Acta 730 179629 - 179629 2023年12月 [査読有り]
  • Taro Yamamoto; Yuki Nagae; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Tadashi Kamiyama; Hal Suzuki
    Soft matter 19 8 1492 - 1498 2023年02月 [査読有り]
     
    A differential scanning calorimeter equipped with a shearing system (shear rate of  < 400 s-1) was developed to elucidate the thermodynamic properties of liquid crystalline phase transitions under shear flow. An analytical method was proposed to accurately estimate the heat flow caused by shear friction to evaluate the transition entropies. The phase transitions of 4'-n-octyl-4-cyano-biphenyl (8CB) under shear flow were investigated using the developed calorimeter. Although several shear-induced transitions for 8CB have been reported in the past using viscosity and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements, only the nematic-isotropic (N-I) and smectic-A-nematic (SA-N) transitions were detected as heat flow peaks. The N-I transition temperature was almost independent of the shear rate. The SA-N transition temperature was also independent of the shear rate, but the transition peak was broadened by applying shear flow. For both transitions, the transition entropies were independent of the shear rate. These results suggest that the thermodynamic properties were not considerably changed by shearing because the molecular alignments in the domains were not substantially changed, whereas shearing changed the LC domain directions, which can be detected by viscosity and SAXS measurements.
  • M. Maejima; H. Shiromaru; K. Kikuchi; T. Kodama; T. Wakabayashi
    Carbon Trends 9 100212 - 100212 2022年10月 [査読有り]
  • Yoriko Wada; Hiroshi Akagi; Takayuki Kumada; Ryuji Itakura; Tomonari Wakabayashi
    Photochem 2022年09月 [査読有り]
  • Miyu Umeda; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Tadashi Kamiyama; Hal Suzuki
    Polymer 254 125105 - 125105 2022年07月 [査読有り]
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Urszula Szczepaniak; Kaito Tanaka; Satomi Saito; Keisuke Fukumoto; Riku Ohnishi; Kazunori Ozaki; Taro Yamamoto; Hal Suzuki; Jean-Claude Guillemin; Haruo Shiromaru; Takeshi Kodama; Miho Hatanaka
    Photochem 2 1 181 - 201 2022年02月 [査読有り][招待有り]
     
    Laser-ablated polyyne molecules, H(C≡C)nH, were separated by size in solutions and co-condensed with excess hexane molecules at a cryogenic temperature of 20 K in a vacuum system. The solid matrix samples containing C8H2, C10H2, and C12H2 molecules were irradiated with UV laser pulses and the phosphorescence 0–0 band was observed at 532, 605, and 659 nm, respectively. Vibrational progression was observed for the symmetric stretching mode of the carbon chain in the ground state with increments of ~2190 cm−1 for C8H2, ~2120 cm−1 for C10H2, and ~2090 cm−1 for C12H2. Temporal decay analysis of the phosphorescence intensity revealed the lifetimes of the triplet state as ~30 ms for C8H2, ~8 ms for C10H2, and ~4 ms for C12H2. The phosphorescence excitation spectrum reproduces UV absorption spectra in the hexane solution and in the gas phase at ambient temperature, although the excitation energy was redshifted. The symmetry-forbidden vibronic transitions were observed for C10H2 by lower excitation energies of 25,500–31,000 cm−1 (320–390 nm). Detailed phosphorescence excitation patterns are discussed along the interaction of the polyyne molecule and solvent molecules of hexane.
  • Taro Yamamoto; Yusuke Yagi; Toshimitsu Hatakeyama; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Tadashi Kamiyama; Hal Suzuki
    Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 625 2021年09月 [査読有り]
     
    The thermodynamic properties of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/water system were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (235–395 K) and adiabatic calorimetry (78–320 K), and the stable phase diagram was established, in which the locations of phase boundaries were precisely determined. The micellar phase and the lyotropic liquid crystalline (LC) phases were found to transform into a metastable gel phase via rapid cooling, and a metastable phase diagram was also constructed. The hexagonal LC phase was found to consist of two types of phases with different thermodynamic characteristics. The transitions from the separated two-phase “CTAB crystal + solution” to the micellar and LC phases were also investigated, and it was found that the transition occurs in a two-step manner, wherein the transitions at lower temperatures depended on the thermal history. The enthalpy of fusion of the ice that coexisted with the CTAB crystal did not provide any evidence for the CTAB crystal being hydrated by non-freezing water.
  • Urszula Szczepaniak; Kazunori Ozaki; Kaito Tanaka; Yuma Ohnishi; Yoriko Wada; Jean Claude Guillemin; Claudine Crépin; Robert Kołos; Yusuke Morisawa; Hal Suzuki; Tomonari Wakabayashi
    Journal of Molecular Structure 1214 2020年08月 [査読有り]
     
    © 2020 Elsevier B.V. Cyanopolyyne molecules, HC9N and HC11N, were isolated in solutions and UV, IR, and resonance Raman spectra were measured for the study of their electronic and vibrational properties. Strong signals were observed both in the IR and resonance Raman spectra for the stretching vibrational mode of the sp-hybridized linear carbon chain in the electronic ground state, i.e., σ4 at 2141 cm−1 for HC9N and σ6 at 2105 cm−1 for HC11N. Trapped in cryogenic solid acetonitrile matrix hosts at 20 K, transitions in phosphorescence, a˜3Σ+ → X˜1Σ+, were observed for HC9N at 582.3 nm (0–0) and longer wavelengths and for HC11N at 643.7 nm (0–0) and longer wavelengths. Electronic transitions in the UV, 1Σ+ ← X˜1Σ+, were elucidated by phosphorescence excitation mapping to observe asymmetric patterns with sharp emission-absorption features explainable by Shpolsky effects. For HC9N, three distinct trapping sites were discernible in solid acetonitrile, while the phosphorescence spectra were blurred in solid n-hexane. The observed phosphorescence lifetime of HC9N was longer than that of HC11N, comparable to the trend reported for the series of cyanopolyyne molecules in solid krypton matrix hosts.
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Takamasa Momose; Mario E. Fajardo
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 151 23 234301 - 234301 2019年12月 [査読有り]
  • Ueno N; Wakabayashi T; Morisawa Y
    Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry 36 1 91 - 93 社団法人 日本分析化学会 2019年12月 [査読有り]
     
    Attenuated total reflectance–far ultraviolet (ATR-FUV) spectra of Li+ and polyether ligands, such as glymes and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), in solution give information about changes in the electronic states of the ligands. From the ATR-FUV spectra, the coordination numbers between Li+ and monoglyme, diglyme, triglyme, and PEG400 were determined to be 4, 5, 6, and 5, respectively. Our results indicate that Li+ is coordinated only by the ligands rather than its counter-ions.
  • Nami Ueno; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Harumi Sato; Yusuke Morisawa
    JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 123 50 10746 - 10756 2019年12月 [査読有り]
     
    This study investigates the electronic transitions of complexes of lithium with polyethylene glycol (PEG) by the absorption bands of solvent molecules via attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy in the far-UV region (ATR-FUV). Alkali-metal complexes are interesting materials because of their functional characteristics such as good ionic conductivity. These complexes are used as polymer electrolytes for Li batteries and as one of the new types of room-temperature ionic liquids, termed solvation ionic liquids. Considering these applications, alkali-metal complexes have been studied mainly for their electrochemical characteristics; there is no fundamental study providing a clear understanding of electronic states in terms of electronic structures for the ground and excitation states near the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest occupied molecular orbital transitions. This study explores the electronic transitions of ligand molecules in alkali-metal complexes. In the ATR-FUV spectra of the Li-PEG complex, a decrease in intensity and a large blue shift (over 4 nm) were observed to result from an increase in the concentration of Li salts. This observation suggests the formation of a complex, with coordinate bonding between Li+ and the O atoms in PEG. Comparison of the experimental spectrum with a simulated spectrum of the Li-PEG complex calculated by time-dependent density functional theory indicated that changes in the intensities and peak positions of bands at approximately 155 and 177 nm (pure PEG shows bands at 155, 163, and 177 nm) are due to the formation of coordinate bonding between Li+ and the O atoms in the ether molecule. The intensity of the 177 nm band depends on the number of residual free O atoms in the ether, and the peak wavelength at approximately 177 nm changes with the expansion of the electron clouds of PEG. We assign a band in the 145-155 nm region to the alkali-metal complex because we observed a new band at approximately 150 nm in the ATR-FUV spectra of very highly concentrated binary mixtures.
  • Takizawa, N.; Kodama, T.; Shiromaru, H.; Wakabayashi, T.; Al-Tuairqi, S.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, H.; S; erson, J.H.
    Carbon 152 372 - 375 2019年11月 [査読有り]
     
    © 2019 Elsevier Ltd We studied polyyne formation by gas phase laser-induced breakdown in ethylene and acetylene gas flow using ns and fs lasers. The results show that acetylene is the most efficient target molecule for generating polyynes with high selectivity. Of the two lasers, the fs laser achieved higher selectivity for the production of hydrogen-capped polyynes. We also confirmed strong correlations between C2 radical and polyyne production, which have already been observed for larger hydrocarbon targets. In terms of the polyyne formation mechanism, we suggest decomposition of irradiated soot to be a possible pathway, in addition to carbon chain growth by binary collisions.
  • Asuka Endo; Miho Hatanaka; Nami Ueno; Yusuke Morisawa; Tomonari Wakabayashi
    LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS 45 7 689 - 696 2019年07月 [査読有り][招待有り]
     
    The A-X transition of diatomic bismuth, Bi-2, was revisited by laser induced fluorescence in solid Ne at 3K. Molecular constants, i.e., vibrational frequencies of 137cm(-1) and 174cm(-1), were reproduced for the upper and lower electronic states as reported by Bondybey et al. [Chem. Phys. Lett. 76, 30 (1980)]. Two-dimensional mapping of emission spectra confirmed satellite bands in higher and lower excitation/emission energies for each of the major bands in the vibrational progression of v '-v '' (v '=0-5, v ''=5-12). Based on the molecular orbital calculations, presence of clusters, Bi2Nen (n=1-6), is proposed for possible carriers of the observed satellites. For the relatively large matrix shift of similar to 67cm(-1) in solid Ne for the term energy of the A state, the diatomic bismuth is supposed to exist as a linearly coordinated cluster of Bi2Ne in the matrix.
  • R. Sata; H. Suzuki; N. Ueno; Y. Morisawa; M. Hatanaka; T. Wakabayashi
    Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 32 175 - 181 2019年04月 [査読有り]
     
    © 2019 Chinese Physical Society. Electronic absorption bands of conjugated linear carbon chain molecules, namely polyynes H(CC) n H (n=5-7), are exploited to devise light-polarizing films applicable to the UV. Laser ablated polyynes are separated in size and dispersed in a film of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is stretched to align the trapped linear polyyne molecules inside. As a nature of the structural anisotropy, transition dipole of the UV absorption for polyyne molecules is in parallel with the molecular axis and the absorption occurs only for the electromagnetic wave having the amplitude of its electric vector along the molecular axis. Aligned and fixed orientationally in the solid PVA film, polyyne molecules act as selective absorbers of one of the polarization components of incident light at particular wavelength. Using a light source of linearly polarized UV light, whose direction of polarization is rotatable, angular dependence of the absorption intensity is investigated for the stretched PVA film containing aligned polyyne molecules and analyzed in terms of an order parameter in the theory of linear dichroism.
  • Hatanaka M; Wakabayashi T
    Journal of computational chemistry 40 2 500 - 506 2019年01月 [査読有り]
  • Endo, A.; Hatanaka, M.; Ueno, N.; Morisawa, Y.; Wakabayashi, T.
    Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur 45 7 807 - 815 2019年01月 [査読有り][招待有り]
     
    © 2019 Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering. All rights reserved. The A-X transition of diatomic bismuth, Bi2, was revisited by laser induced fluorescence in solid Ne at 3 K. Molecular constants, i.e., vibrational frequencies of 137 cm-1 and 174 cm-1, were reproduced for the upper and lower electronic states as reported by Bondybey et al. [Chem. Phys. Lett. 76, 30 (1980)]. Two-dimensional mapping of emission spectra confirmed satellite bands in higher and lower excitation/emission energies for each of the major bands in the vibrational progression of v′-v″ (v′ = 0.5, v″ = 5-12). Based on the molecular orbital cal-culations, presence of clusters, Bi2Nen (n = 1-6), is proposed for possible carriers of the observed satellites. For the relatively large matrix shift of ∼ 67 cm-1 in solid Ne for the term energy of the A state, the diatomic bismuthis supposed to exist as a linearly coordinated cluster of Bi2Ne in the matrix.
  • Nami Ueno; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Yusuke Morisawa
    SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 197 170 - 175 2018年05月 [査読有り]
     
    We measured the attenuated total reflectance-far ultraviolet (ATR-FUV) spectra of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG; average molecular weights of 200, 300, and 400) and related materials in the liquid state in the 145-200-nm wavelength region. For appropriately assigning the absorption bands, we also performed theoretical simulation of the unit-number dependent electronic spectra. The FUV spectra of PEGs contain three bands, which are assigned to the transitions between n(CH2OCH2)-3s Rydberg state (176 nm), n(CH2OCH2)-3p Rydberg state (163 nm), and n(OH)-3p Rydberg state (153 nm). Since the contribution of n(OH) decreases compared to n (CH2OCH2) with increase in the number of units, the ratios of the molar absorption coefficients, epsilon, at 153 nm relative to 163 nm, decrease. On the other hand, the ratio of epsilon at 176 nm to that at 163 nm increases with increase in the number of units, because of the difference in the number of unoccupied orbitals in the transitions. The calculated results suggest that n orbitals form two electronic bands. In the upper band, the electrons expand over the ether chain, whereas in the lower band, the electrons are localized in the terminal OH in the PEGs. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • Miho Hatanaka; Ayato Osawa; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Keiji Morokuma; Miki Hasegawa
    Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20 5 3328 - 3333 2018年02月 [査読有り]
     
    Terbium complexes are widely used as luminescent materials because of their bright green emission and sharp emission spectra and the independence of their emission wavelengths from the surrounding environment. The luminescence quantum yield (LQY), however, heavily depends on the surroundings, and an appropriate ligand design is indispensable. In this study, we focus on a Tb3+ complex coordinated by a 2,2′-bipyridine derivative ligand (L1), whose LQY is almost zero at room temperature [M. Hasegawa et al., New. J. Chem. 2014, 38, 1225] and compare it with a Tb3+ complex with a bipyridine ligand, which is widely used as a photo-antenna ligand. To discuss the LQYs of the complexes, we computed their energy profiles, i.e. the energetic and structural changes during the emission and quenching processes. The low LQY of the TbL1(NO3)2 complex was explained by the stability of the minimum energy crossing point between the potential energy surfaces of the ligand-centered lowest triplet state and the ground state, which was induced by the out-of-plane bending of the azomethine moiety. The most efficient way to improve the LQY by modification of the ligand is to replace the azomethine moieties by other functional groups, such as ether or reduced azomethine groups, whose minimum energy crossing points are unstable enough to reduce the rate of the quenching processes.
  • Akihiro Shimizu; Shun Horiuchi; Ryutaro Hayashi; Kouichi Matsumoto; Yu Miyamoto; Yusuke Morisawa; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Jun-ichi Yoshida
    ARKIVOC 2018 97 - 113 2018年 [査読有り]
     
    Thiirenium ions generated and accumulated by low-temperature electrochemical oxidation of disulfides in the presence of alkynes were successfully observed by low-temperature NMR, Raman, and mass spectroscopies and were found to be stable at temperatures below -40 degrees C. The thiirenium ions showed ambident reactivity toward subsequently added nucleophiles to give either disubstituted alkenes or alkynes depending on the nature of the nucleophiles.
  • Ali Ramadhan; Michal Wesolowski; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Haruo Shiromaru; Tatsuya Fujino; Takeshi Kodama; Walter Duley; Joseph Sanderson
    CARBON 118 680 - 685 2017年07月 [査読有り]
     
    Hydrogen- and methyl-capped polyynes have been synthesized by irradiating pure liquid toluene with 35 fs, 300 mu J laser pulses having a central wavelength of 800 nm, generated by a regeneratively amplified Ti: sapphire tabletop laser at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the presence of polyynes in the irradiated samples while high-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate hydrogen-capped polyynes up to C18H2 and methyl-capped polyynes up to HC14CH3. These represent the first such methyl-capped polyynes and the longest hydrogen capped chains synthesized to date by the ultrafast laser based method. Furthermore our results show that choice of the starting solvent molecule directly influences the end caps of the polyynes which can be produced. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Naoki Hayakawa; Kazuya Sadamori; Shota Tsujimoto; Miho Hatanaka; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Tsukasa Matsuo
    ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION 56 21 5765 - 5769 2017年05月 [査読有り]
     
    The reaction of the bulky diphosphenes (Rind) P=P(Rind) (1; Rind = 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octa-R-substituted s-hydrindacen-4-yl) with two molecules of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC; 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene) resulted in the quantitative formation of the NHC-bound phosphinidenes NHC -> P(Rind) (2), along with the cleavage of the P=P double bond. The reaction times are dependent on the steric size of the Rind groups (11 days for 2a (R=Et) and 2 h for 2b (R=Et, Me) at room temperature). The mechanism for the double bond-breaking is proposed to proceed via the formation of the NHC-coordinated, highly polarized diphospehenes 3 as an intermediate. Approach of a second NHC to 3 induces P-P bond cleavage and P-C bond formation, which proceeds through a transition state with a large negative Gibbs energy change to afford the two molecules of 2, thus being the rate-determining step of the overall reaction with the activation barriers of 80.4 for 2a and 29.1 kJ mol(-1) for 2b.
  • Y. Taguchi; H. Endo; T. Kodama; Y. Achiba; H. Shiromaru; T. Wakabayashi; B. Wales; J. H. Sanderson
    CARBON 115 169 - 174 2017年05月 [査読有り]
     
    Flowing gases of hydrocarbon molecules were irradiated by tightly focused ns and fs laser, and the products were captured" in hexane solution. In the case of ns laser irradiation, short polyynes up to C12H2 were produced efficiently from all the hydrocarbons, propane, hexane, octane, benzene, and toluene. The yields vary significantly among the products from different target molecules, extending beyond the effects of difference in the vapor pressures. With an aid of the visible emission spectra" of the focused spot, polyyne forming reaction is discussed. In the case of fs laser irradiation of hexane, polyynes were produced efficiently much more than the ns-laser case, whereas for the toluene target, polyynes were not produced. Such a variation in the polyyne yield suggests there would be more suitable molecules for formation of polyynes, or any other carbon-rich materials, by gas-phase laser irradiation method. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Chiaki Ohae; James R. Harries; Hiroshi Iwayama; Kentarou Kawaguchi; Susumu Kuma; Yuki Miyamoto; Mitsuru Nagasono; Kyo Nakajima; Itsuo Nakano; Eiji Shigemasa; Noboru Sasao; Satoshi Uetake; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Akihiro Yoshimi; Koji Yoshimura; Motohiko Yoshimura
    JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 85 3 2016年03月 [査読有り]
     
    Previous experimental studies of superradiance (SR) in multi-level systems have been explainable using the predictions of the well-known simple two-level SR model. However our recent study [K. Nakajima et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 84, 054301 (2015)] using EUV free-electron laser excitation of helium atoms, where SR was observed at wavelengths of 502, 668, and 728 nm, revealed behaviour which necessitates a full multi-level treatment of the SR development. In this paper, we report simulations of the initial excitation by the FEL pulses, and the subsequent development of multi-level SR. The results of the simulation reproduce the experimental findings, and reveal that competitive SR on two transitions with a common upper level plays an important role in the development of the system.
  • H. Endo; Y. Taguchi; J. Matsumoto; Y. Achiba; T. Kodama; H. Shiromaru; T. Wakabayashi
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 642 35 - 38 2015年12月 [査読有り]
     
    Soluble fullerenes were produced with a somewhat unexpectedly high yield (10(-2) wt% of the evaporated carbons) by laser ablation of graphite in a 'room-temperature' argon gas flow. The high yield was likely due to the high temperature of the graphite after heating by the ablation laser. Laser ablation experiments using argon-diluted propane gas showed that fullerene formation was strongly inhibited by the addition of propane, while the formation of hydrogen-terminated, chain-form carbon molecules (polyynes) was enhanced. The reactivities of the fullerene precursors and chain-form carbon clusters are discussed based on the anticorrelation of the yields of fullerenes and polyynes. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • Y. Taguchi; H. Endo; Y. Abe; J. Matsumoto; T. Wakabayashi; T. Kodama; Y. Achiba; H. Shiromaru
    CARBON 94 124 - 128 2015年11月 [査読有り]
     
    Laser ablation of graphite in argon/propane mixed gases was performed to elucidate the process of carbon cluster growth and hydrogen termination to form polyynes. The carbon-rich materials ejected by ablation were carried by the gas flow and captured by a cooled organic solvent, and then, the soluble products were analyzed by UV absorption. The yield of polyyne increased drastically with the increase of the propane ratios. The propane-ratio-dependent yields for polyynes of various lengths are consistent with a polyyne formation model based on H-abstraction reactions of carbon clusters. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Yoriko Wada; Kyo Nakajima; Yusuke Morisawa; Susumu Kuma; Yuki Miyamoto; Noboru Sasao; Motohiko Yoshimura; Tohru Sato; Kentarou Kawaguchi
    JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 119 11 2644 - 2650 2015年03月 [査読有り]
     
    Laser-induced near-infrared (NIR) emission spectra of neutral bismuth timer, Bi-3, embedded in solid neon matrixes at 3 K were recorded in a range 870-1670 nm. Using photoexcitation with low energy photons at 1064 nm, two emission band systems were newly identified by their origin bands at T-0 = 6600 and 8470 cm(-1). Accordingly, spectral assignment for three NIR emission band systems reported recently was partly revised for the one with its origin band at T-0 = 7755 cm(-1) and reconfirmed for the others at T-0 = 9625 and 11 395 cm(-1). Energy splitting by spin-orbit coupling between the pair of electronic energy levels in the ground state of bismuth trimer, Bi-3, both having a totally symmetric vibrational mode of frequency at omega"(e) = 150 cm(-1), was determined to be 1870 +/- 1.5 cm(-1). Transitions from the pair of electronically excited states, locating at T-0 = 8470 and 9625 cm(-1) above the ground state and separated by spin-orbit coupling of 1155 cm(-1), have relatively long decay constants of tau similar to 0.2 and similar to 0.1 ms, respectively.
  • 大饗 千彰; HARRIES James R.; 岩山 洋士; 久間 晋; 宮本 祐樹; 永園 充; 中嶋 享; 繁政 英治; 若林 知成; 笹尾 登
    日本物理学会講演概要集 70 772 - 772 一般社団法人日本物理学会 2015年
  • Ali Ramadhan; Michal Wesolowski; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Haruo Shiromaru; Tatsuya Fujino; Takeshi Kodama; Walter Duley; Joseph Sanderson
    XXIX INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHOTONIC, ELECTRONIC, AND ATOMIC COLLISIONS (ICPEAC2015), PTS 1-12 635 2015年 
    Hydrogen-capped and methyl-capped carbon chains (polyynes) have been generated by intense femtosecond laser irradiation of pure liquid toluene. UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy were used to confirm the presence of polyynes in the irradiated samples, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate polyynes up to C18H2 and HC13CH3.
  • Kouichi Matsumoto; Yu Miyamoto; Kazuaki Shimada; Yusuke Morisawa; Hendrik Zipse; Seiji Suga; Jun-ichi Yoshida; Shigenori Kashimura; Tomonari Wakabayashi
    CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS 51 66 13106 - 13109 2015年 [査読有り]
     
    A low temperature in situ Raman spectroscopic method was developed for the detection of unstable intermediates in electro-organic chemistry. It was effective for monitoring the generation of ArS(ArSSAr)(+) by the electrochemical oxidation of ArSSAr (Ar = p-FC6H4) in Bu4NBF4/CH2Cl2 at 195 K. The intensity of a Raman band at 427 cm(-1), which is attributable to the S-S vibration of ArS(ArSSAr)(+), increased with an increase in the electricity until 2/3 F of the electricity was consumed, whereas decreased with a further increase in the electricity indicating the decomposition of ArS(ArSSAr)(+).
  • Chiaki Ohae; Atsushi Fukumi; Susumu Kuma; Yuki Miyamoto; Kyo Nakajima; Itsuo Nakano; Hajime Nanjo; Noboru Sasao; Satoshi Uetake; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Akihiro Yoshimi; Koji Yoshimura; Motohiko Yoshimura
    JOURNAL OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 83 4 2014年04月 [査読有り]
     
    We describe in this paper a fast and efficient method of producing a high density of barium (Ba) atoms in the D-1(2) metastable state, which is a candidate initial state for a new class of cooperative and coherent optical process called paired superradiance (PSR). In the experiment, Ba atoms are excited first by laser light to the P-1(1) state and then brought to the desired state D-1(2) via radiative transition in the superradiance (SR) mode. It is found that a production efficiency (from S-1(0) to D-1(2)) of more than similar to 30% is achieved within a time interval of a few nanoseconds for a Ba density n > 10(19) m(-3). Several key features of SR important for future PSR experiments are also studied.
  • Prasenjit Maity; Shinjiro Takano; Seiji Yamazoe; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Tatsuya Tsukuda
    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 135 25 9450 - 9457 2013年06月 [査読有り]
     
    Gold clusters protected by terminal alkynes (1-octyne (OC-H), phenyl acetylene (PA-H) and 9-ethynyl-phenanthrene (EPT-H)) were prepared by the ligand exchange of small (diameter <2 nm) Au clusters stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone. The bonding motif of these alkynes on Au clusters was investigated using various spectroscopic methods. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy revealed that terminal hydrogen is lost during the ligand exchange and that the C C bond of the alkynyl group is weakened upon attachment to the Au clusters. Acidification of the water phase after the ligand exchange indicated that the ligation of alkynyl groups to the Au clusters proceeds via deprotonation of the alkynes. A series of precisely defined Au clusters, Au-34(PA)(16), Au-54(PA)(26), AU(30)(EPT)(13), AU(35)(EPT)(18), and Au41-43(EPT)(21-23), were synthesized and characterized in detail to obtain further insight into the interfacial structures. Careful mass analysis confirmed the ligation of the alkynes in the dehydrogenated form. An upright configuration of the alkynes on Au clusters was suggested from the Au to alkyne ratios and photoluminescence from the excimer of the EPT ligands. EXAFS analysis implied that the alkynyl carbon is bound to bridged or hollow sites on the cluster surface.
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Makiko Tomioka; Yoriko Wada; Yuki Miyamoto; Jian Tang; Kentarou Kawaguchi; Susumu Kuma; Noboru Sasao; Hajime Nanjo; Satoshi Uetake; Motohiko Yoshimura; Itsuo Nakano
    EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D 67 2 2013年02月 [査読有り]
     
    Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy was applied to small bismuth clusters embedded in a solid neon matrix at 3 K. Near infrared (NIR) optical emission spectra were recorded in a range of 6200-11 600 cm(-1) by an excitation with 1.79 eV photons using a pulsed dye laser system. Three new NIR band systems were identified by their origin bands at 8207, 9625 and 11 395 cm(-1). Each of the NIR systems exhibited the vibrational progression with a common lower state frequency at 151 cm(-1). Temporal decay profiles for selected NIR emission bands showed upper state lifetimes on the order of a hundred of microseconds, explainable by the transition between mixed spin states. Low-lying electronic states for small bismuth clusters, Bi-n (n = 2-4), are discussed along the theory and experiment reported so far.
  • Susumu Kuma; Yuki Miyamoto; Kyo Nakajima; Atsushi Fukumi; Kentarou Kawaguchi; Itsuo Nakano; Noboru Sasao; Minoru Tanaka; Jian Tang; Takashi Taniguchi; Satoshi Uetake; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Akihiro Yoshimi; Motohiko Yoshimura
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 138 2 024507  2013年01月 [査読有り]
     
    The coherence decay of the v = 2 vibrational state (vibrons) of solid parahydrogen was measured via time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. We found that the decay curve has a non-exponential time profile in the time scale of 200 ns at a low temperature below 5 K and a low orthohydrogen impurity concentration (similar to 0.01%). This behavior, as also observed in the case of the v = 1 vibrons, represents a signature of band structure of the v = 2 state in the solid phase. The maximum coherence decay time of 50 ns in an exponential part was achieved, which shows excellence of the v = 2 state for coherent processes. We also found that finite temperatures, orthohydrogen impurities, and other structural inhomogeneity accelerate the decay, hiding the non-exponential feature of the vibron band. (C) 2013 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773893]
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Yoriko Wada; Naoya Iwahara; Tohru Sato
    XXIST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE JAHN-TELLER EFFECT 2012 428 2013年 [査読有り]
     
    Hydrogen-capped linear carbon chain molecules, namely polyynes H(C=C)(n)H (n >= 2), give rise to three excited states in the HOMO-LUMO excitation. Electric dipole transition from the ground state is fully allowed to one of the three excited states, while forbidden for the other two low-lying excited states. In addition to the strong absorption bands in the UV for the allowed transition, the molecules exhibit weak absorption and emission bands in the near UV and visible wavelength regions. The weak features are the vibronic bands in the forbidden transition. In this article, symmetry considerations are presented for the optical transitions in the centrosymmetric linear polyyne molecule. The argument includes Herzberg-Teller expansion for the state mixing induced by nuclear displacements along the normal coordinate of the molecule, intensity borrowing from fully allowed transitions, and inducing vibrational modes excited in the vibronic transition. The vibronic coupling considered here includes off-diagonal matrix elements for second derivatives along the normal coordinate. The vibronic selection rule for the forbidden transition is derived and associated with the transition moment with respect to the molecular axis. Experimental approaches are proposed for the assignment of the observed vibronic bands.
  • Y. Wada; K. Koma; Y. Ohnishi; Y. Sasaki; T. Wakabayashi
    European Physical Journal D 66 12 322  2012年12月 [査読有り]
     
    Methylpolyynes, H(C≡C) n CH3 (n = 5-7), were photo-irradiated under the presence of iodine molecules in hexane to confirm the formation of a series of molecular complexes, H(C≡C) n CH 3(I6) (n = 5-7), by systematic changes in their UV absorption spectra. In order to investigate the reaction mechanism, solutions of hydrogen-capped polyyne, H(C≡C)5H, and I2 molecules in hexane were irradiated with a cw-laser beam at 532 nm, then their UV absorption spectra were recorded to obtain temporal decay profiles for the polyyne C10H2. At C10H2 concentrations of about 7 μmol L-1, the rate of reaction in the decay profile for C10H2 increased with increasing I 2 concentration (8.2-126 μmol L-1) as well as with increasing laser power (0.34-6.2 mW). Based on a kinetic model, the degradation of C10H2 was shown to compete with the formation of the polyyne-iodine molecular complex, H(C≡C)5H(I6). The formation of the complex was found to be efficient under the condition that the I2 concentration is orders of magnitude higher than the C 10H2 concentration as this suppresses the degradation process. © 2012 EDP Sciences, SIF, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Yoriko Wada; Yusuke Morisawa; Tomonari Wakabayashi
    Chemical Physics Letters 541 54 - 59 2012年07月 [査読有り]
     
    A series of molecular complexes, C 2nH 2I 6 (n = 5-9), formed from size-selected hydrogen-end-capped polyyne, H(CC) nH, and iodine molecules was characterized by UV-vis and IR absorption spectroscopy for elucidating location and geometry of iodine atoms in the complex. The IR lines for the CH-stretching σ u fundamental at 3305 cm -1 and CH-bending π u fundamental at 625 cm -1 for C 2 nH 2 (n = 5-7) in CCl 4 were red-shifted by 220 and 15 cm -1, respectively, for its complex of C 2 nH 2I 6. A few lines were intensified in the low-frequency region of 850-1450 cm -1 for CC-stretching σ u modes of polyynes in the complex. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • Atsushi Fukumi; Susumu Kuma; Yuki Miyamoto; Kyo Nakajima; Itsuo Nakano; Hajime Nanjo; Chiaki Ohae; Noboru Sasao; Minoru Tanaka; Takashi Taniguchi; Satoshi Uetake; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Takuya Yamaguchi; Akihiro Yoshimi; Motohiko Yoshimura
    PROGRESS OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS 2012 1 2012年 [査読有り]
     
    We systematically investigate the new experimental method of using atoms or molecules to measure the important parameters of neutrinos that are still to be determined: the absolute mass scale, the mass hierarchy pattern (normal or inverted), the neutrino mass type (Majorana or Dirac), and the CP-violating phases, including Majorana phases. Most of these observables are difficult to measure in neutrino oscillation experiments. There are advantages to using atomic targets, such as the closeness of available atomic energies to anticipated neutrino masses, over nuclear target experiments such as the end point spectrum of beta decay and two-electron line spectrum in the neutrinoless double beta decay, both of which address some of the overlapping objectives with atomic/molecular experiments. A disadvantage of using atomic targets, the smallness of rates, is overcome by the macro-coherent amplification mechanism. The atomic or molecular process we use is a cooperative deexcitation of a collective body of atoms in a metastable level vertical bar e > emitting a neutrino pair and a photon: vertical bar e > -> vertical bar g > + gamma + nu(i)nu(j), where nu(i)s are neutrino mass eigenstates. The macro-coherence is developed by trigger-laser irradiation of two colors, which frequently causes the two-photon process vertical bar e > <-> vertical bar g > + gamma + gamma, vertical bar e > + gamma <-> vertical bar g > + gamma inside the target. We discuss important aspects of the macro-coherence development in detail, by setting up the master equation for the target Bloch vector (whose components are population difference and medium polarization) and the propagating electric field. Our master equation includes the effects of phase decoherence of medium polarization and decay of population difference. The spectral rate (the number of events per unit time) of macro-coherent radiative emission of a neutrino pair has three parts, and is given by a factorized formula of the form (overall omega-independent rate denoted by Gamma(0)) x (spectral shape function denoted by I (omega)) x (time-evolving dynamical factor), where omega is the photon energy. The constant factor Gamma(0) determines the overall rate in the unit of 1/time, and for Xe it is of the order of 1Hz(n/10(22) cm(-3))(3) (V/10(2) cm(3)). The dynamical factor is time dependent and is given by the space integrated quantity, over the entire target, of the product of the magnitude squared of the coherent polarization and the field strength (in the units of the maximally extractable energy density) stored inside the target. The asymptotic value of the time-evolving dynamical factor is given by the contribution of the field condensate accompanied by macroscopic coherence, which is calculated using the static limit of the master equation. With an appropriate choice of heavy target atoms or molecules such as Xe and I-2 that have a large M1 x E1 matrix element between vertical bar e > and vertical bar g >, we show that one can determine three neutrino masses along with distinction of the mass hierarchy pattern (normal or inverted) by measuring the spectral shape I (omega).If one uses a target of available energy of a fraction of 1 eV, the most experimentally challenging observable, the Majorana CP phases may be determined, comparing the detected rate with differences of theoretical expectations which exist at the level of several percent. The Majorana CP-violating phase is expected to be crucial to the understanding of the matter-antimatter imbalance in our universe. Our master equation, when applied to E1 x E1 transitions such as pH(2) vibrational Xv = 1 -> 0, can describe explosive paired superradiance events in which most of the energy stored in vertical bar e > is released in the order of a few nanoseconds. The present paper is intended to be self-contained, explaining some details of related theoretical works in the past, and reports on new simulations and the ongoing experimental efforts of the project to realize neutrino mass spectroscopy using atoms/molecules.
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Mao Saikawa; Yoriko Wada; Toshie Minematsu
    CARBON 50 1 47 - 56 2012年01月 [査読有り]
     
    Cyanopolyynes, H(C equivalent to C)(n) C equivalent to N (n = 3-6), were formed by laser ablation of carbon particles in liquid acetonitrile. The molecules were separated according to the size n and characterized by UV absorption spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy in combination with gas-chromatographic separation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For the study of nascent carbon cluster distribution during the growth of the long carbon chain molecules, isotopomer distribution was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy for the product molecules. Two cyanopolyynes of HC7N and HC9N were isolated from solutions after laser ablation of isotope-enriched carbon powder (99% C-13) in liquid acetonitrile, CH3CN, of natural isotopic abundance (1.1% C-13). With the observed chemical shift, 5, and spin-spin coupling constants, cu and J(CH), spectral simulation was made to determine relative abundance of possible isotopomeric forms for HC9N. We found that the isotope of C-12, mostly from solvent molecules, contributes substantially for the part of carbon in the cyano group, -C equivalent to N, in HC9N. The isotopomer distribution observed for the sequence of H-C equivalent to C-C equivalent to C- was fairly explainable by a binomial, random distribution of the two carbon isotopes of C-12 and C-13, reducing the concentration of C-13 to 76-55%. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Prasenjit Maity; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Nobuyuki Ichikuni; Hironori Tsunoyama; Songhai Xie; Miho Yamauchi; Tatsuya Tsukuda
    CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS 48 49 6085 - 6087 2012年 [査読有り]
     
    Organogold clusters Au-54(C2Ph)(26) were selectively synthesized by reacting polymer-stabilized Au clusters (1.2 +/- 0.2 nm) with excess phenylacetylene in chloroform.
  • Yoriko Wada; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Tatsuhisa Kato
    JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 115 26 8439 - 8445 2011年07月 [査読有り]
     
    Hydrogen-end-capped polyynes, H(C C)(n)H (n = 5-7), were photoirradiated in the presence of iodine molecules in nonpolar solvents to find a dramatic change in the UV/vis absorption spectrum. Absorption bands of polyynes in the UV and the band of 12 in the visible region disappeared, whereas weaker bands of polyynes were intensified in the near UV region. The emerging features are associated with vibronic bands in the symmetry-forbidden transition of the linear polyyne molecule. Stoichiometry for the reaction, i.e., C12H2 + nI(2) -> C12H2I2n, was determined to be n = 3 from the concentration-dependence experiment. C-13 NMR spectra for 1:3 mixture of polyyne and iodine molecules, namely C10H2/3I(2) and C12H2/3I(2), exhibited five and six lines, respectively, all shifted to lower fields compared to those in the case without iodine. After removing excess 12 by reductive reagent of Na2SO3, recovery of the missing absorption bands for the components of C10H2 and 12 was observed. These observations strongly support the formation of an unique molecular complex of C2nH2I6 (n = 5-7) upon photoabsorption by an I-2 molecule within a cluster of polyyne and iodine molecules, C2nH2(I-2)(m) (m >= 3).
  • Kenji Hanamura; Minoru Fujii; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Shinji Hayashi
    Chemical Physics Letters 503 1-3 118 - 123 2011年02月 [査読有り]
     
    Absorption and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of size-selected C8H2 adsorbed on Ag colloids were investigated. The Ag colloids after C8H2 adsorption are stable without precipitation of Ag nanoparticle aggregates. The spectra strongly depend on the C8H2 concentration. A good correlation between the concentration dependence of the absorption spectrum and that of SERS intensities supports the electromagnetic mechanism of SERS. The use of size-selected C8H2 made it possible to demonstrate also the chemical effects, which manifest themselves in the differences in the positions of SERS bands for different SERS enhancers, i.e., Ag colloid and Ag island film. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • Taiga Yasuda; Masahito Tada-Umezaki; Mikio Nakahara; Tomonari Wakabayashi
    arXiv.org quant-ph 1004.0910  2010年04月 
    Entanglement control of qubits in a photoisomerizing molecule is studied in
    the context of an NMR quantum computer by taking azobenzene as an example.
    Azobenzene has two different isomers, {\it{}trans}-azobenzene (TAB) and
    {\it{}cis}-azobenzene (CAB), which can be interconverted by photoisomerization.
    Changing molecular structure leads to change in the spin-spin coupling
    constant, and hence leads to change in entangling operation time. We first
    obtain stable structures of TAB and CAB by {\it ab initio} calculation. Then,
    we calculate the NMR spectra of these isomers and verify that they reproduce
    the chemical shift obtained experimentally with a good precision. Our result
    indicates that the coupling strength between a $^{15}$N and a $^{13}$C nuclei
    in the molecule changes by a large amount under photoisomerization.
  • Y. Sato; T. Kodama; H. Shiromaru; J. H. Sanderson; T. Fujino; Y. Wada; T. Wakabayashi; Y. Achiba
    CARBON 48 5 1673 - 1676 2010年04月 [査読有り]
     
    Hydrogen-capped polyynes have been synthesized by femtosecond laser irradiation of hexane liquid We used UV absorption to identify and high performance liquid chromatography to separate polyynes up to C(12)H(2), and then confirmed with resonance Raman spectroscopy The shortest hydrogen-terminated chain is found to be C(6)H(2). A supplementary experiment on decane indicates that the formation via single step rearrangement of the parent molecule is not likely (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved
  • Hiroshi Tabata; Tatsuya Doi; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Shinji Hayashi
    JOURNAL OF NANOELECTRONICS AND OPTOELECTRONICS 4 2 220 - 223 2009年08月 [査読有り]
     
    Time evolution of SERS spectrum for sp hybridized carbon linear chains, called as polyyne C14H2, adsorbed on a silver island film was investigated to study the interaction of the polyynes with silver island film. A rapid increase of intensities of two strong bands in the SERS spectrum just after immersion of silver island film indicating adsorption of polyyne on silver surface was observed. From the increasing intensity of the SERS bands in the adsorption process, we have revealed that the two bands are commonly originated from the adsorbed polyynes. A continuous laser irradiation of the sample led to a drastical decrease of the SERS band intensities. This decrease occurred due to conversion of the adsorbed polyynes into sp(2) carbon networks covering the silver surface, which was induced by laser heating. We also observed a change of the ratio of the two band intensities, which may indicate a modification of vibrational properties of the surviving polyynes on the silver surface by the surrounding sp(2) carbon networks.
  • T. Wakabayashi; T. Murakami; H. Nagayama; D. Nishide; H. Kataura; Y. Achiba; H. Tabata; S. Hayashi; H. Shinohara
    EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D 52 1-3 79 - 82 2009年04月 [査読有り]
     
    Size-selected linear hydrocarbon molecules, polyynes HC(2n)H, were contacted in solutions with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) prepared from laser-ablated metal/carbon composite rods (Rh/Pt/C) to produce polyyne-encapsulating SWNTs, HC(2n)H@SWNT(RhPt). New Raman spectral features were observed at 2120, 2061 2017, 1982, and 1963 cm(-1) for five polyynes of n = 4-8, respectively, and identified as the vibrational excitation of symmetric stretching modes of the molecules inside the SWNTs. The Raman spectra were compared with those observed for polyynes on Ag islands (SERS) and in solutions. The filling factor was investigated from the concentration dependence of the Raman intensity for HC(10)H@SWNT(NiCo) to give an estimate of one polyyne molecule per similar to 350 carbon atoms of SWNTS, providing a picture for head-to-tale filling of aligned C(10)H(2) molecules inside the SWNTs.
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi
    MOLECULAR REALIZATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING 2007 2 163 - 192 2009年 [査読有り]
     
    Fullerene C(60) is a molecule with a hollow space in its closed cage of sixty carbon atoms and able to accommodate atoms or molecules inside. Recently, the system of an electron spin coupled with a nuclear spin of a nitrogen atom trapped inside C(60) (N@C(60)) has been demonstrated to be a possible qubit system for the implementation of quantum computation (QC) and quantum information processing (QIP). In the last decade, there has appeared an increasing number of reports for this molecule, on its magnetic properties, ideas for physical realization as quantum computers, and experimental approaches based on the magnetic resonance techniques. In this Chapter, the research areas on the topic on the fullerene-based QC/QIP are reviewed together with a relevant part of the fullerene stories. The production of N@C(60) in our research group is introduced.
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Hiroyuki Nagayama; Kota Daigoku; Yosuke Kiyooka; Kenro Hashimoto
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 446 1-3 65 - 70 2007年09月 [査読有り]
     
    New optical emission spectra of linear carbon molecules, polyynes C2nH2 (n = 5-8), were observed upon UV-laser excitation of the 0-0 band of the dipole-allowed transition, (1)Sigma(+)(u) <- X-1 Sigma(+)(g), of size-separated polyyne molecules in hexane. The emission spectra of C10H2 showed distinct peaks at 436 and 480 nm with a separation of similar to 2100 cm(-1) for a stretching vibration of the sp-carbon chain. Weak absorption features were also recorded in near-UV regions in shorter wavelengths to compare with the emission spectra. The spectral features in the emission were assigned to the vibronic bands of the forbidden electronic transition, (1)Delta u -> X-1 Sigma(+)(g). (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • L. Ravagnan; P. Piseri; M. Bruzzi; S. Miglio; G. Bongiorno; A. Baserga; C. S. Casari; A. Li Bassi; C. Lenardi; Y. Yamaguchi; T. Wakabayashi; C. E. Bottani; P. Milani
    PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 98 21 216103  2007年05月 [査読有り]
     
    We report the production and characterization of a form of amorphous carbon with sp-sp(2) hybridization (atomic fraction of sp hybridized species >= 20%) where the predominant sp bonding appears to be (=C=C=)(n) cumulene. Vibrational and electronic properties have been studied by in situ Raman spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. Cumulenic chains are substantially stable in high vacuum conditions for temperatures lower than 250 K and they influence the electrical transport properties of the sp-sp(2) carbon through a self-doping mechanism by pinning the Fermi level closer to one of the mobility gap edges. Upon heating above 250 K the cumulenic species decay to form graphitic nanodomains embedded in the sp(2) amorphous matrix thus reducing the activation energy of the material. This is the first example of a pure carbon system where the sp hybridization influences bulk properties.
  • D. Nishide; T. Wakabayashi; T. Sugai; R. Kitaura; H. Kataura; Y. Achiba; H. Shinohara
    JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 111 13 5178 - 5183 2007年04月 [査読有り]
     
    Polyyne molecules (C2nH2, n = 4-6) encaged inside single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The Raman bands observed in the region of 2000-2200 cm(-1) are identified as due to axial-stretching fundamentals, nu(2)-nu(4) (sigma(g) in D-infinity h), of the linear carbon molecules. For C10H2 and C12H2, the overtone bands at similar to 4100 cm(-1) and combination bands of the polyyne and graphitic modes at similar to 3600 cm(-1) are also observed. The two-phonon excitations may be responsible for the observed resonance Raman peaks via new electronic states generated by the dispersion interaction exerted between encapsulated polyynes and nanotubes. The vibrational frequencies of the polyyne molecules in SWNTs increase as the diameter distributions of SWNTs decrease. The interaction is also responsible for the observed frequency shifts and broadening of the Raman bands.
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Hiroshi Tabata; Tatsuya Doi; Hiroyuki Nagayama; Koji Okuda; Rui Umeda; Ichiro Hisaki; Motohiro Sonoda; Yoshito Tobo; Toshie Minematsu; Kenro Hashimoto; Shinji Hayashi
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 433 4-6 296 - 300 2007年01月 [査読有り]
     
    Resonance Raman spectra of hydrogen-capped linear carbon molecules, polyynes H(-C equivalent to C-)(n)H (n = 5,6), were measured in n-hexane. For C10H2, the peaks at 2123 cm(-1) and 2017 cm(-1) were identified as the nu(3)(sigma(g)) and nu(4)(sigma(g)) modes in D-infinity h symmetry, respectively. For C12H2, the peaks of nu(3)(sigma(g)) at 2097 cm(-1) and nu(4) (sigma(g)) at 2053 cm(-1) were identified. The relative intensities of the first-order Stokes lines and their resonance enhancement are discussed in terms of the Franck-Condon overlap and resonance absorption relevant to the fully-allowed electronic transition of (1)Sigma(+)(u) <-> (Chi) over tilde (1)Sigma(+)(g). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • Hiroshi Tabata; Minoru Fujii; Shinji Hayashi; Tatsuya Doi; Tomonari Wakabayashi
    Carbon 44 15 3168 - 3176 2006年12月 [査読有り]
     
    Solutions of hydrogen-capped polyynes were prepared by laser ablation of graphite powder in n-hexane and subjected to size separation by high-performance liquid chromatography. Solutions of size-selected polyynes CnH2 (n = 8-16) were investigated by normal Raman (NR) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. A main band appearing in the 2000-2200 cm-1 region of the NR spectra showed a systematic downward shift as the chain length increased. The observed NR bands were assigned to Raman-active CC stretching vibrational modes by comparison with calculations based on density functional theory. Raman bands observed in SERS spectra were very broad and located at frequencies lower than the NR bands. A systematic band shift with increasing chain length was also observed for one of the bands. This band was thus assigned to a counterpart of the strong band in the NR spectra. These results made it possible to assign the origins of previously reported SERS bands of mixed polyyne solutions. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Daisuke Nishide; Hirofumi Dohi; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Eiji Nishibori; Shinobu Aoyagi; Masashi Ishida; Satoshi Kikuchi; Ryo Kitaura; Toshiki Sugai; Makoto Sakata; Hisanori Shinohara
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 428 4-6 356 - 360 2006年09月 [査読有り]
     
    A new hybrid material C10H2@SWNTs, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) encapsulating C10H2 polyyne molecules, has been synthesized and confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurement. The C10H2 polyyne molecules composed of linearly bonded sp-carbon atoms are aligned inside the SWNTs. This hybrid material exhibits a characteristic Raman signal at 2066 cm(-1) attributable to the stretching vibration of the C10H2 molecules interacting with SWNTs. Being trapped inside the SWNTs, the otherwise unstable C10H2 molecules are shown to be stable well above 300 degrees C under dry-air conditions. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • T Wakabayashi; Y Kato; T Momose; T Shida
    Polyynes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 181 - 195 2006年 [査読有り]
  • Y Tobe; T Wakabayashi
    Polyynes: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 99 - 125 2006年 [査読有り]
  • T Wakabayashi; W Kratschmer
    POLYYNES: SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS 1 - 13 2006年 [査読有り]
  • R Umeda; M Sonoda; T Wakabayashi; Y Tobe
    CHEMISTRY LETTERS 34 12 1574 - 1579 2005年12月 [査読有り]
     
    As an approach to size-selective formation of fullerenes, we developed a method based on the cyclization of reactive cyclic polyynes which were generated by [2+2] cycloreversion of [4.3.2] propellatriene units. This method was proven to work successfully for the first time for the formation of fullerene ions C-60(+) and C-60(-) in the gas phase. This protocol is useful for generation of a small three-dimensional carbon cluster ion C-36(-) and a large fullerene C-78(-), as well.
  • Yoshito Tobe; Tomonari Wakabayashi
    Acetylene Chemistry: Chemistry, Biology, and Material Science 387 - 426 2005年10月
  • Yoshiyasu Kato; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Takamasa Momose; Tadamasa Shida
    J. Mass Spectrometry Soc. Japan 53 4 203 - 210 The Mass Spectrometry Society of Japan 2005年04月 [査読有り]
     
    The products from laser ablated graphite under the flow of H<sub>2</sub> and He buffer gases were analyzed by time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy in combination with one-photon ionization of an energy of 10.5 eV/photon. By changing the time interval between the ablation laser pulse and the photoionization laser pulse it was found that the neutral clusters ablated from the graphite have three distinctly different velocities for one and the same value of <i>m</i>/<i>z</i>, which was detected as three separate bunches of TOF mass peaks. The effect of changing the time interval was examined extensively. As a result, it was found that the first component that appeared earlier in the ionization region consisted of various bared carbon clusters C<sub><i>n</i></sub> with <i>n</i>≥6 and hydrocarbons C<sub><i>n</i></sub>H<sub><i>m</i></sub> with <i>n</i>≥4 and <i>m</i>=1 through 4 while the second and third components that arrived later were C<sub>10</sub> and C<sub>2<i>n</i></sub>H<sub>2</sub> (<i>n</i>=2 through 5) only. This persistence of C<sub>10</sub> and C<sub>2<i>n</i></sub>H<sub>2</sub> at longer delay times was attributed to the robustness of these clusters against collisions occurring in ablated plumes. It was inferred that the robustness is due to the chemical inertness of a monocyclic form for C<sub>10</sub> and of a linear polyynic form, H(-C≡C)<sub><i>n</i></sub>-H, for C<sub>2<i>n</i></sub>H<sub>2</sub>. In the He buffer gas heated to 600 K the yield of the third (slowest) component of C<sub>10</sub> enhanced drastically, which indicates that thermal collisions in plumes favor the production of this monocycle, which further suggests that the monocycle may play a crucial role in the formation of C<sub>60</sub>, known as a favored product in hot plumes of ablated graphite.
  • Hisaki, I; T Eda; M Sonoda; H Niino; T Sato; T Wakabayashi; Y Tobe
    JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 70 5 1853 - 1864 2005年03月 [査読有り]
     
    [GRAPHICS] To generate dibenzotetrakisdehydro[12]- and dibenzopentakisdehydro[14]annulenes ([12]- and [14]-DBAs) having a highly deformed triyne moiety, [4.3.2]propellatriene-anneleted dehydro[12]- and dehydro [14] annulenes were prepared as their precursors. UV irradiation of the precursors resulted in the photochemical [2 + 2] cycloreversion to generate the strained [12]- and [14]DBAs, respectively. The [12]DBA was not detected by H-1 NMR spectroscopy, but it was intercepted as Diels-Alder adducts in solution, suggesting its intermediacy. Its spectroscopic characterization was successfully carried out by UV-vis spectroscopy in a 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) glass matrix at 77 K and by FT-IR spectroscopy in an argon matrix at 20 K. On the other hand, the [14]DBA was stable enough for observation by H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra in solution, though it was not isolated because of the low efficiency of the cycloreversion. The [14]DBA was also characterized by interception as Diels-Alder adducts in solution and by UV-vis spectroscopy in a MTHF glass matrix at 77 K. The kinetic stabilities of the DBAs are compared with the related dehydrobenzoannulenes with respect to the topology of the pi-systems. In addition, the tropicity of the [14]DBA is discussed based on its experimental and theoretical H-1 NMR chemical shifts.
  • Y Tobe; R Umeda; M Sonoda; T Wakabayashi
    CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL 11 5 1603 - 1609 2005年02月 [査読有り]
     
    Multicyclic cagelike cyclophanes 2a and 2b containing cyclobutene rings have been prepared as precursors of three-dimensional polyynes C78H18 (1a) and C78H12Cl6 (1b), respectively. Laser irradiation of 2a and 2b induced expulsion of the aromatic fragment, indane, to give the three-dimensional polyyne anions C78H18- and C78H12Cl6-, respectively. Whereas the former anion lost only four hydrogen atoms to form C78H14-, complete loss of all hydrogen and chlorine atoms was observed from the latter anion, to yield a C-78(-) ion that has a fullerene structure which was proven by its characteristic fragmentation pattern.
  • H Hoshina; Y Kato; Y Morisawa; T Wakabayashi; T Momose
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS 300 1-3 69 - 77 2004年05月 [査読有り]
     
    This paper presents the UV and IR absorption spectroscopy of small carbon molecules of C-3 observed using a high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer. The C-3 molecules were produced by irradiation of dimers or larger clusters of acetylene with an ArF laser (lambda = 193 nm). Sharp UV absorption features with multiple structures were observed in the (A) over tilde (1)Pi(u) <-- (X) over tilde (1)Sigma(g)(+) electronic transition of C-3. The sharp UV absorption demonstrates the potential of solid para-hydrogen as a matrix for high-resolution spectroscopy of UV-vis electronic transitions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • Y Yamaguchi; T Wakabayashi
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 388 4-6 436 - 440 2004年04月 [査読有り]
     
    Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. the coagulation of carbon chain molecules that occurs on the subliming surface of a carbon-containing rare-gas matrix is investigated. intermolecular connections with dangling bonds enhance the sublimation of the matrix and that results in the emission of a layer of nested carbon chains into vacuum at a velocity about 100 m/s. The following conversion from carbon sp- to more stable Sp(2)-type bonds heats up the carbon material above 3000 K. During this process, the nested carbon layer self-anneals via a graphitic mono-layer into a conjunct array of particles with a dimension about 10 nm. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • Y Kato; T Wakabayashi; T Momose
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 386 4-6 279 - 285 2004年03月 [査読有り]
     
    Carbon clusters and hydrocarbon molecules and radicals produced by laser vaporization of graphite in a hydrogen (H-2 or D-2) gas expansion source were studied using 10.5 eV one-photon ionization followed by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. By changing the delay time of the ionization pulse relative to the vaporization pulse, we found two distinctly different mass patterns: rather non-selective signals of C-n (n = 6-20) and CnHm (n = 3-20 and m = 1-4) at shorter delay times, while selective signals of C2nH2 (n = 2-5) and C-10 at longer delay times. The selective formation of the carbon cluster and hydrocarbon molecules at longer delay times is attributed to the relatively inert nature of polyynes H(-Cequivalent toC-)(n)H (n = 2-5) and monocyclic C-10. The formation mechanism of these hydrocarbons and carbon clusters by laser ablation under hydrogen gas is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
  • T Wakabayashi; AL Ong; D Strelnikov; W Kratschmer
    JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 108 12 3686 - 3690 2004年03月 [査読有り]
     
    The formation of carbon particles on cold surfaces takes place when rare-gas solids containing trapped carbon vapor molecules are sublimed. This formation process is accompanied by violent effects such as flashes of light emission and splashing of luminous fragments, both observable with the naked eye. The recorded optical emission spectrum shows a continuum attributable to a blackbody radiation of similar to2500 K. We believe the violent effects are associated with exothermic reactions following the rearrangement of bonds, which leads from the metastable sp-carbon chains to the more stable sp(2) form of carbon particles.
  • Y Tobe; Ohki, I; M Sonoda; H Niino; T Sato; T Wakabayashi
    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 125 19 5614 - 5615 2003年05月 [査読有り]
     
    We report here the generation of tetrakisdehydro[12]annulene possessing a highly deformed triyne component from the [4.3.2]propellatriene-annelated precursor by its photolysis extruding indan and the characterization of the highly reactive annulene by chemical and spectroscopic methods. In addition to the chemical evidence for the formation of the title compound in solution such as interception as a Diels-Alder adduct, we succeeded in its characterization by UV-vis and FTIR spectra in an argon matrix at 20 K. The experimental IR spectrum agreed well with the theoretical one calculated by the DFT method. Copyright © 2003 American Chemical Society.
  • Y Kato; T Wakabayashi; T Momose
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 118 12 5390 - 5394 2003年03月 [査読有り]
     
    Neutral carbon clusters produced from laser-ablated graphite in a supersonic pulsed-helium expansion source were studied by time-of-flight (TOF) mass analysis using single-photon ionization with 10.5 eV photons. Varying the delay time of an ionization laser pulse relative to a vaporization pulse, we found that a signal of C-10, along with a weaker signal of C-12, was intensified almost exclusively to the other C-n signals with relatively long delay times of 80-250 mus. We observed two distinctly different TOFs for one and the same size, a short TOF at shorter delay times and a long TOF at longer delay times. We attribute the difference in TOF to the difference in initial velocity of the neutral cluster. We also performed the experiment within a high vacuum to find a similar difference in TOF for clusters of the same mass. The bimodal arrival-time distribution from the source to the ionization region indicates that the bunch of laser-ablated clusters separates into two bunches with different group velocities. We attribute this separation to the formation of a relatively dense layer of clusters. During collisions behind this layer, the relatively stable neutral C-10, probably of a monocyclic structure, is formed preferentially. This must be the origin of the selective detection of C-10 at the longer delay times. Using He as a buffer gas, the signal of the C-10 was found to be of a magnitude two orders more pronounced than within the high vacuum. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
  • M Fushitani; S Kuma; Y Miyamoto; H Katsuki; T Wakabayashi; T Momose; AF Vilesov
    OPTICS LETTERS 28 1 37 - 39 2003年01月 [査読有り]
     
    We report the preliminary results of our experiments with stimulated Raman scattering in para-hydrogen crystal aimed at developing a continuously tunable laboratory laser source of mid-infrared radiation. With laser pulses at 532 nm, a conversion efficiency for the first Stokes beam of as much as 20% in the forward direction was observed through a single-pass, 5-cm-long crystal. Generation of mid-infrared pulses at 4.5 mum was achieved by use of the output of a near-infrared pulsed laser (1.6 mum, 3 ns), and an absorption spectrum of gaseous CD4 molecules was successfully recorded. These results suggest use of the solid para-hydrogen Raman shifter as a promising light source for mid-infrared spectroscopy. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America.
  • Tomonari Wakabayashi; Aik Loong Ong; Wolfgang Krätschmer
    Journal of Chemical Physics 116 14 5996 - 6001 2002年04月 [査読有り]
     
    The lowest excited 1Σg +-type electronic state of C2, the B′ state, had been studied for years. Investigating microwave discharge of various hydrocarbon mixtures by a high-resolution Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers, the B′1Σg +→ 1πu emission of C2 in the infrared was observed. This paper discusses the observation of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of the D→B′ and C→A transitions of C2 in a solid Ne matrix.
  • Tobe, Y.; Furukawa, R.; Sonoda, M.; Wakabayashi, T.
    Angewandte Chemie - International Edition 41 1 2002年
  • N Sogoshi; T Wakabayashi; T Momose; T Shida
    JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 105 13 3077 - 3086 2001年04月 [査読有り]
     
    Perdeuterated ethyl iodide in solid parahydrogen is photolyzed at 4.4 K to find the formation of all deuterated ethylene, ethane, and ethyl radical and deuterium iodide. The temporal change in the intensity of the vibrational spectra upon UV irradiation reveals that the initial ethyl iodide exists in both monomeric and dimeric units. The monomeric unit is subjected to the following competitive reactions: C2D5I + h nu --> .C2D5 + .I and C2D5I + h nu --> CD2=CD2 + DI The ethylene produced thereby is loosely complexed with the counterpart DI. The dimeric unit undergoes the following one-photonic parallel reactions I and II: (I) (C2D5I)(2) + h nu --> 2 .C2D5 + I-2 to be followed by a gradual disproportionation, 2 .C2D5 --> CD2=CD2 + C2D6, which proceeds by quantum tunneling of a D atom between the radicals in the experimental time scale. The possible recombination of the two radicals to butane is not observed at all. (II) (C2D5I)(2) + h nu --> CD2=CD2 + C2D6 + h, which is a direct molecular process to give the same products as (I). The ethylene produced by both (I) and (II) tends to form complexes with C2D6 and with I-2. Prolonged irradiation induces the following secondary photolysis of the three primary photoproducts: .C2D5 + h nu --> CD2=CD2 + .D, DI + h nu --> .D + .I, and I-2 + h nu --> 2 .I.
  • Y Tobe; N Nakagawa; JY Kishi; M Sonoda; K Naemura; T Wakabayashi; T Shida; Y Achiba
    TETRAHEDRON 57 17 3629 - 3636 2001年04月 [査読有り]
     
    [16.16.16](1,3,5)Cyclophanes fused by six [4.3.2]propellatriene units, which would serve as precursors to cage polyyne C60H6 and its perchloro derivative C60Cl6, respectively, were prepared. In the negative mode laser desorption mass spectra of the cyclophanes, the polyyne anions C60H6- and C60Cl6- were detected. Moreover, size selective formation of C-60(+) as well as C-60(-) was also observed, indicating the possible polyyne cyclization mechanism to form the fullerene cage. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • T Wakabayashi; AL Ong; W Kratschmer
    NANONETWORK MATERIALS: FULLERENES, NANOTUBES AND RELATED SYSTEMS 590 513 - 516 2001年 [査読有り]
     
    Carbon clusters are formed from carbon vapor of resistively heated graphite rods. The clusters C-n are trapped in a matrix of solid Ne at 7 K. High resolution infrared (IR) absorption spectra of the matrix sample show a distinct fine structure for each vibrational band of clusters C-n suggesting different types of trapping sites, In the dissociation experiment, the matrix sample is irradiated by an ultraviolet (UV) laser tuned to the wavelength of an electronic transition of a linear cluster. The IR and UV absorption spectra are recorded before and after the irradiation. We found that the intensity of the IR absorption line of linear C-6 at 1958.7 cm(-1) decreases when the matrix sample is irradiated at a wavelength of 235 nm, near the maximum of a strong UV band. As a result of this exposure, also the UV band diminishes. The intensity decrease of the IR and UV band is correlated and indicates decomposition of linear C-6. We also observed changes In the fine structure of the IR absorptions, which indicate reorientation of trapping sites upon the electronic excitation.
  • Y Tobe; R Furukawa; M Sonoda; T Wakabayashi
    ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION 40 21 4072 - + 2001年 [査読有り]
     
    The smallest [n.n.]cyclophynes known, [12.12]para-cyclophanedodecaynes C36H8 and C36Cl8 (see picture), were generated by [2=2] cycloreversion of its precursor under photolytic and mass spectrometric conditions. The stepwise loss of chlorine atoms from the anion C36 - in the gas phase.
  • N Sogoshi; Y Kato; T Wakabayashi; T Momose; S Tam; ME DeRose; ME Fajardo
    JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 104 16 3733 - 3742 2000年04月 [査読有り]
     
    We report the isolation of C-60 molecules in cryogenic parahydrogen (pH(2)) solids by the rapid vapor deposition method. New theoretical simulations of rovibrational spectra for low-temperature isolated C-12(60) molecules, including boson-exchange symmetry restrictions on the rotational levels, predict a characteristic "null gap" and unequal rotational line spacings for low-J values. High-resolution IR absorption spectra of the C-60/pH(2) samples failed to show rotationally resolved features, and in fact suggest that the majority of the C-60 molecules are not rotating. However, spectra of the F-1u(1) vibrational mode near 530 cm(-1) show line widths of approximate to 0.2 cm(-1) fwhm, the sharpest IR absorption bands for C-60 reported to date. Visible absorption spectra also show sharp features in the approximate to 600 nm region, supporting our contention of well-isolated C-60 molecules. The C-60 molecules appear to stabilize the pH(2) solid, inhibiting the fee to hcp conversion which usually occurs upon annealing of rapid vapor deposited pH(2) solids to T approximate to 5 K. We also report surprisingly strong C-60-induced IR activity in the pH(2) solid, and propose this phenomenon as a diagnostic for H-2 molecules adsorbed by carbon nanotubes, C-60/pH(2) samples grown in an enclosed cell by laser ablation of solid C-60 appear to contain predominantly (C-60)(n) clusters; these clusters are too small to exhibit "bulk" vibrational or electronic properties, as determined by IR and UV/visible absorption spectroscopies. Future experiments to disentangle the contributions of C-13 isotopic substitution, pH(2) matrix effects, and the putative hindered rotation of C-60 molecules to the observed C-60/pH(2) IR line shapes are presently under consideration.
  • Y Tobe; T Fujii; H Matsumoto; K Tsumuraya; D Noguchi; N Nakagawa; M Sonoda; K Naemura; Y Achiba; T Wakabayashi
    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 122 8 1762 - 1775 2000年03月 [査読有り]
     
    As a method to generate all-carbon molecules having highly reactive polyyne units from stable precursors, the [2 + 2] cycloreversion of [4.3.2]propella-1,3,11-triene derivatives was developed, To test the efficiency of this method, the reaction was first applied to simple diethynyl- and dibutadiynyl-substituted propellatrienes, which produced upon UV-irradiation linear hexatriyne and decapentayne derivatives, respectively. Next, dehydro[12]-, [16]-, [18]-, [20]-, and [24]annulene derivatives annelated by the [4.3.2]propellatriene units were prepared as precursors to the corresponding cyclo[n]carbons, a monocyclic form of carbon clusters. Laser-desorption mass spectra of the dehydroannulenes exhibited, in the negative mode, peaks due to the corresponding cyclo[n]carbon anions (n = 12, 16, 18, 20, and 24) formed by successive losses of aromatic indane fragments. Solution photolysis of the dehydro[16]annulene and dehydro[18]annulene derivatives formed reactive polyyne intermediates by [2 + 2] cycloreversion which were intercepted by furan to give the corresponding Diels-Alder adducts. The structures and spectroscopic properties of the dehydroannulenes annelated by the [4.3.2]propellatriene units, the precursors to cyclo[n]carbons, and those annelated by the oxanorbornadiene units, the products of the photolysis in furan, are discussed.
  • D Kasuya; T Ishigaki; T Suganuma; Y Ohtsuka; S Suzuki; H Shiromaru; Y Achiba; T Wakabayashi
    EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D 9 1-4 355 - 358 1999年12月 [査読有り]
     
    The ambient temperature dependence of the yield of fullerenes was systematically investigated toward furthering the understanding of the fullerene formation mechanism. The change in yield of fullerenes from C-60 to C-96 was quantitatively examined as a function of fullerene size, temperature, and position of target in the gradient of temperature. As a result, it was found that the formation of higher fullerenes requires higher furnace temperature, presumably because of the presence of higher reaction barriers prior to the accomplishment of the fullerene cage. In connection with such a thermal effect on the yield of fullerenes, we have also carried out an experiment to deduce the spatial distribution of such an endothermic reaction area in which the external heating is effectively active. Furthermore, in order to establish the presence of such a particular area for the fullerene formation, we used a high-speed video camera to directly detect emission from hot particles, which was found to be closely related to fullerene formation.
  • T Wakabayashi; T Momose; T Shida
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 111 14 6260 - 6263 1999年10月 [査読有り]
     
    Neutral carbon clusters C-n (n=1-30) produced along with ionic clusters in laser vaporized graphite are studied under high vacuum by combined use of time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy and one photon ionization with a photon energy of 10.5 eV. The TOF mass distribution pattern shows intensification of the C4n+2 (n greater than or equal to 2) clusters more clearly than the previous work by Kaizu [J. Chem. Phys. 106, 9954 (1997)] who employed the same 10.5 eV photon but photoionized the neutral clusters generated by laser vaporization of graphite in helium buffer gas. The intensification is attributed to the intrinsic stability of the C4n+2 (n greater than or equal to 2) neutral clusters, probably due to the monocyclicity. Two different line shapes of the mass spectral peak are observed for one and the same cluster size. The line shape with a tailing toward longer flight times is associated with the neutral clusters produced by relatively slow fragmentation of larger clusters (n much greater than 30) followed by autoionization of the fragmented clusters. The other sharp line shape is associated with prompt ionization by the 10.5 eV photon. It is concluded that only the electronically excited neutral clusters are ionized for n less than or equal to 5 whereas the clusters with n > 5 are ionized irrespective of their electronic state. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)01038-7].
  • Y Tobe; H Nakanishi; M Sonoda; T Wakabayashi; Y Achiba
    CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS 17 1625 - 1626 1999年09月 [査読有り]
     
    (1,3,5)Pyridinophanes having [4.3.2]propellatriene units were synthesized as precursors to macrocyclic polyyne C58H4N2; diazafullerene anion C58N2- was detected in the laser desorption mass spectrum of the pyridinophanes.
  • Simon Tam; Mario E. Fajardo; Hiroyuki Katsuki; Hiromichi Hoshina; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Takamasa Momose
    Journal of Chemical Physics 111 9 4191 - 4198 1999年09月 [査読有り]
     
    We present high resolution (∼0.01 cm-1) infrared absorption spectra of the ν4 band of methane doped parahydrogen (CH4/pH2) solids produced by two different techniques: gas condensation in an enclosed cell at T≈8 K, and rapid vapor deposition onto a T≈2 K substrate in vacuum. The spectrum of the rapid vapor deposited solid contains a novel progression of single peaks with ≈5 cm-1 spacing, superimposed over the known spectrum of CH4 molecules trapped in sites of D3h symmetry in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) solid pH2. New theoretical calculations of the rovibrational transitions of a tetrahedral molecule in an external field of Oh symmetry permit the assignment of this new progression to CH4 molecules trapped in crystalline face centered cubic (fcc) regions of the pH2 solid. Annealing of the rapid vapor deposited samples to T≈5 K decreases the intensities of the CH4/pH2(fcc) absorptions, and results in intensity changes for parallel and perpendicularly polarized CH4/pH2(hcp) transitions. We discuss these phenomena, and the narrow (0.01-0.04 cm-1 full width at half-maximum) absorption linewidths, in terms of the microscopic structure of the pH2 hosts. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
  • H Hoshina; T Wakabayashi; T Momose; T Shida
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 110 12 5728 - 5733 1999年03月 [査読有り]
     
    The triply degenerate stretching (nu(3)) and bending (nu(4)) modes of CD4 in solid parahydrogen at cryogenic temperatures are studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to reveal crystal field split rovibrational structures. The observed spectra are analyzed by taking into account the crystal field potential which is constructed by the summation of the pairwise (dispersive) potential between the methane and the surrounding hydrogen molecules. By the least-squares fitting of that observed to a theoretical model the molecular constants of CD4 as well as the potential coefficient are determined as in the previous work on the CH4/p-H-2 system. The potential is approximated to be proportional to the product of the polarizability of hydrogen molecule, the dipole-quadrupole polarizability of methane, and the inverse of the seventh power of the intermolecular distance between methane and hydrogen molecules. From the ratio of the potential coefficients of CH4 and CD4 the dipole-quadrupole polarizability of CD4 is found to be 0.875 times that of CH4 under the assumption that the quantum renormalization effect is negligible. A novel temperature dependence of the line shape of the nu(3) and nu(4) modes is discovered over the range of 4.5 to 8.0 K. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)00912-5].
  • Takamasa Momose; Hiromichi Hoshina; Norihito Sogoshi; Hiroyuki Katsuki; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Tadamasa Shida
    Journal of Chemical Physics 108 17 7334 - 7338 1998年05月 [査読有り]
     
    Ultraviolet photolysis of CD3I in solid parahydrogen at 5 K gives CD3 radical, which decreases in a single exponential manner with a rate constant of (4.7±0.5)×10-6 s-1. Concomitantly, CD3H is formed, which is accounted for by the quantum tunneling reaction CD3+H2→CD3H+H. Under the same conditions. CH3I yields CH3 radical, but the corresponding reaction between CH3 and H2, expected to give CH4+H, does not proceed measurably at 5 K. The difference between the two systems is attributed to the difference in the zero point energy change. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
  • Y Tobe; N Nakagawa; K Naemura; T Wakabayashi; T Shida; Y Achiba
    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 120 18 4544 - 4545 1998年05月 [査読有り]
  • Mizuho Fushitani; Norihito Sogoshi; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Takamasa Momose; Tadamasa Shida
    Journal of Chemical Physics 109 15 6346 - 6350 1998年 [査読有り]
     
    Photolysis of methyl iodide in solid parahydrogen (p-H2) at about 5 K is studied with ultraviolet light at 253.7 and 184.9 nm. It is found that the light at 253.7 nm produces only methyl radical, whereas the light at 184.9 nm yields both methyl radical and methane. The mechanism of the formation of the photoproducts is elucidated by analyzing the temporal behavior of the observed vibrational absorption. It is concluded that methyl radical in the ground state does not react with p-H2 molecules appreciably but that the radical in the electronic excited state of B̃(2A1′), accessible by reabsorption of 184.9 nm photons by the radical, decomposes to a singlet methylene CH2 ã(1A1) and a hydrogen atom (2S) and that the singlet methylene reacts with a p-H2 molecule to give methane. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
  • T Momose; M Miki; T Wakabayashi; T Shida; MC Chan; SS Lee; T Oka
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 107 19 7707 - 7716 1997年11月 [査読有り]
     
    The nu(3) and nu(4) vibrational transitions of methane trapped in solid parahydrogen have been observed by using Fourier transform infrared and high resolution laser spectroscopy. The observed spectrum is interpreted in terms of rovibrational states of the spherical rotor which are subjected to the crystal field splitting. The nu(4) band shows extremely sharp lines of a width of similar to 0.003 cm(-1), while the nu(3) band exhibits broader lines of a width of 1 cm(-1). The infrared selection rules derived from an extended group theory to take into account the field effect are consistent with the observed spectra. The intermolecular interaction and the field effect in solid parahydrogen are analyzed quantitatively. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
  • T Momose; H Katsuki; H Hoshina; N Sogoshi; T Wakabayashi; T Shida
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 107 19 7717 - 7720 1997年11月 [査読有り]
     
    Clusters of methane are isolated in solid parahydrogen. The vibrational spectral region of the nu(4) fundamental of methane molecule is surveyed with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a high-resolution difference-frequency infrared laser system. More than 200 sharp absorption lines are discovered whose linewidth is as narrow as 0.007 cm(-1) (200 MHz). The spectrum indicates that the rovibrational levels of the clusters of small sizes are well quantized in solid parahydrogen. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
  • T Wakabayashi; M Kohno; Y Achiba; H Shiromaru; T Momose; T Shida; K Naemura; Y Tobe
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 107 13 4783 - 4787 1997年10月 [査読有り]
     
    n-Dehydroannulenes with the ring size of n = 12, 16, 18, 20, and 24 and with three to five indanyl substituents are laser ablated by 355 nm photons. The indanyl unit is lost stepwise up to the complete deletion to leave the bare annulenyl skeleton. The monoanions of these products are mass analyzed first, and then subjected to a second laser pulse of 266 nm to obtain photoelectron spectra for C-n(-) with n = 12, 16, 18, 20, and 24. The spectra are compared with those obtained by using graphite as a target of the laser ablation. The comparison of the two spectra provides useful information on the structure of neutral carbon clusters. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
  • T Wakabayashi; T Momose; T Shida; H Shiromaru; M Ohara; Y Achiba
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 107 4 1152 - 1155 1997年07月 [査読有り]
     
    Infrared (IR) pulse laser ablation of graphite followed by tightly focused ultraviolet (UV) pulse laser irradiation yields C-10(-) predominantly when the delay time between the two laser pulses is set at about 50-200 mu s. The mechanism of the formation of C-10(-) is deduced to be the attachment of slow photoelectrons to neutral C-10 produced by fragmentation of hot neutral clusters of larger sizes. There is an indication that C-10 and its anion have cyclic structures in contrast to the other chainlike clusters. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
  • N Sogoshi; T Wakabayashi; T Momose; T Shida
    JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 101 4 522 - 527 1997年01月 [査読有り]
     
    The photolysis of ethyl iodide in solid parahydrogen leads to the formation of ethyl radical, ethylene, and ethane upon near-UV illumination at about 5 K which are characterized by vibrational spectroscopy. The mechanism of the formation of the products is elucidated consistently. Two kinds of ethylene are discriminated spectroscopically which show distinctly different temporal behaviors during illumination and standing under dark. One of them is attributed to a complex between ethylene and iodine atom. The present work demonstrates that the cage effect is insignificant in the solid parahydrogen matrix, and a variety of elementary reactions of in situ photolysis can be studied in detail in contrast to conventional rare gas matrices.
  • T Wakabayashi; D Kasuya; H Shiromaru; S Suzuki; K Kikuchi; Y Achiba
    ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIK D-ATOMS MOLECULES AND CLUSTERS 40 1-4 414 - 417 1997年 [査読有り]
     
    Systematic fractional change in the yield of various isomers of fullerenes was revealed to strongly depend on temperature of a buffer gas. A new kinetic consideration is proposed for understanding the observed temperature- and pressure-dependence of yield of fullerenes. The model consists of three competitive reactions in consideration of plausible behaviors of a precursor, (1) decomposition into smaller fragments, (2) isomerization leading to formation of a stable fullerene cage, and (3) growth into a larger carbon cluster. Arrhenius activation energy of formation of stable fullerenes was determined to be 0.8 eV for both C-60 and C-70, while a higher energy of 2.0-3.3 eV for seven different isomers of higher fullerenes ranging from C-76 to C-84 Correlation in the activation energy is noted for a series of higher fullerenes with different sizes, sugggesting the existence of a specific precursor in their formation processes.
  • S Suzuki; Y Kojima; H Shiromaru; Y Achiba; T Wakabayashi; R Tellgmann; EEB Campbell; Hertel, IV
    ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIK D-ATOMS MOLECULES AND CLUSTERS 40 1-4 410 - 413 1997年 [査読有り]
     
    Photoionization/fragmentation of endohedral fullerenes was investigated by use of laser-desorption time-of-flight (LD-TOF) mass spectroscopy. The velocity distribution of the parent ion (LaC82+) was found to be bimodal, as has previously been shown for laser desorbed C-60(+). The fragment ions have velocity distributions corresponding predominantly to the fast parent ion distribution. The LD-TOF mass spectra taken with a relatively low laser fluence were independent of the delay time of the extraction pulse, showing only a monotonically decreasing pattern of LaC:, (as n decreased). However, with higher laser fluence, it was shown that the mass distributions drastically changed from the monotonically decreasing pattern to that of C-2n(+) and LaC:, with magic numbers. Based on these findings, a plausible photoionization/fragmentation mechanism is presented and discussed.
  • T Momose; T Wakabayashi; T Shida
    JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS 13 8 1706 - 1712 1996年08月 [査読有り]
     
    The generation of tunable narrow-band mid-infrared Light by difference-frequency mixing of two kinds of continuous-wave ring-laser radiation in potassium titanyl phosphate is described. The system produces infrared powers of similar to 20 mu W of difference-frequency light continuously tunable from 1.05 to 2.8 mu m (3500-9500 cm(-1)). Continuous scans over a range of 100 cm(-1) with a spectral precision better than 10 MHz (0.0003 cm(-1)) are achieved. The high-resolution characteristics of the laser system are evaluated by use of a portion of Q(2)(0) overtone vibration-rotation spectrum of a solid parahydrogen crystal. (C) 1996 Optical Society of America.
  • S Iijima; T Wakabayashi; Y Achiba
    JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 100 14 5839 - 5843 1996年04月 [査読有り]
     
    Two types of carbon soot, prepared by the laser ablation of graphite and carbon are-discharge, were examined by means of electron microscopy. These carbonaceous materials are byproducts in fullerene production and thus are expected to be related structurally to fullerene molecules. It will be shown that morphologies and structure of the soot depend on carrier gas temperature during laser sputtering. Graphitic carbon is formed abundantly at room temperature, and network structures of fullerene-like cages appear dominantly at 1200 degrees C. Additional thermal energy during condensation of sputtered carbon is crucial in formation of various types of structures of solid carbon including fullerene molecules.
  • Y Tobe; T Fujii; H Matsumoto; K Naemura; Y Achiba; T Wakabayashi
    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 118 11 2758 - 2759 1996年03月 [査読有り]
  • T Wakabayashi; H Shiromaru; S Suzuki; K Kikuchi; Y Achiba
    SURFACE REVIEW AND LETTERS 3 1 793 - 798 1996年02月 [査読有り]
     
    Photofragmentation investigations were performed by using chromatographically isolated pure samples of higher fullerenes and metallofullerenes. Quite similar distributions of fragments were commonly observed for five different fullerenes, and this fact supports the presence of a ''scrambled-cage'' structure in a highly excited fullerene cage. An enhancement of the C-60 and C-70 signals was also observed as a result of ''delayed C-2-loss'' fragmentation within a time scale of about 60 mu s after photoexcitation. Photodissociation study of mono- and di-metallofullerenes revealed the qualitative difference in the fragment distributions between them, suggesting that LaC82 would possess an endohedral, and Sc2C84 an exohedral, form.
  • Y Achiba; K Kikuchi; Y Aihara; T Wakabayashi; Y Miyake; M Kainosho
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS OF FULLERENES 10 (AND 5) YEARS LATER 316 139 - 147 1996年 [査読有り]
     
    The structures of higher fullerenes are described based on C-13 NMR measurements of HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)-isolated and purified samples. The most interesting aspect deduced from the present systematic work on the higher fullerenes up to C-94 is that among 19 kinds of fullerenes with different sizes and isomers, almost all fullerenes commonly have at least one C-2 symmetry axis in their molecular frame. The spectral feature of UV/visible absorption obtained for the HPLC-isolated samples up to C-116 fullerene gives, on the other hand, a strong indication that the numbers of co-existing isomers are extremely small, probably the presence of one or two isomers. Considering the huge numbers of the possible isomer candidates (over 5000 for C-116, for example),these experimental evidences may suggest the presence of very strong selectivity for the formation of stable higher fullerenes, which, in turn, is closely associated with the unknown growth process of a fullerene cage network. In order to understand the selectivity in more detail, we have also performed the experiments by which the temperature dependence of isomer fractions was clarified.
  • T. Wakabayashi; D. Kasuya; K. Kikuchi; H. Shiromaru; Y. Achiba
    Proceedings of Yamada Conference XLIII on Structures and Dynamics of Clusters : May 10-13, 1995, Shimoda, Shizuoka, Japan, Tamotsu Kondow, Koji Kaya, Akira Terasaki 535 - 539 1996年 [査読有り]
  • Masaaki Miki; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Takamasa Momose; Tadamasa Shida
    The Journal of Physical Chemistry 100 30 12135 - 12137 1996年 [査読有り]
     
    Small carbon clusters produced by laser ablation of a carbon rod are trapped in solid parahydrogen at 4.8 K. Infrared spectra show the presence of C3, C5, C9, and a few new clusters. The observed vibrational spectra with multiplet structures are tentatively associated with hindered rotation of the clusters. Temperature dependence of the IR spectra reveals the diffusion of C3 and C5 clusters in the crystal at around 8 K, while no diffusion of C9 and the larger clusters is noticed. Any hydrocarbons which might be produced by reactions between the carbon clusters and the substrate hydrogen molecules are not observed both during the deposition and after the thermal annealing. © 1996 American Chemical Society.
  • T Momose; T Wakabayashi; T Shida
    CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 46 529 - 530 1996年 [査読有り]
     
    The first overtone vibration-rotation transition of parahydrogen in a crystal containing a residual amount of orthohydrogen has been detected using high resolution laser spectroscopy. The observed spectrum shows several splittings due to the anistropic crystal field interactions. The crystal field splitting of a single J=1 orthohydrogen molecule in solid parahydrogen at liquid He temperatures is found to be 0.0070cm(-1) (0.0108 K).
  • Yoshito Tobe; Hideki Matsumoto; Koichiro Naemura; Yohji Achiba; Tomonari Wakabayashi
    Angewandte Chemie (International Edition in English) 35 16 1800 - 1802 1996年 [査読有り]
  • 若林 知成
    東京都立大学 博士(理学)甲第358号 1995年03月 [査読有り]
  • Y ACHIBA; K KIKUCHI; Y AIHARA; T WAKABAYASHI; Y MIYAKE; M KAINOSHO
    SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF FULLERENE MATERIALS 359 3 - 9 1995年 
    The structures of higher fullerenes are described based on 13C NMR measurements of isolated and purified samples. The most interesting aspect deduced from the present structural work on the higher fullerenes up to C 90 is that among 19 kinds of fullerenes with different sizes and isomers, 18 fullerenes commonly have at least one C 2 symmetry axis in their molecular frame. Only one exception is C 90 fullerene with a C 1 symmetry. The spectral feature of UV/Visible absorption obtained for the HPLC-isolated C 120 fullerene gives, on the other hand, a strong indication that the numbers of co-existing isomer of very large fullerenes are extremely limited, probably one or two. Considering the huge numbers of IPR-(isolated pentagon rule) satisfying isomer of C 120 (10,774), these experimental evidences may suggest the presence of very strong selectivity for the formation of stable higher fullerenes, which, in turn, is closely associated with the unknown growth process of a fullerene cage network.
  • S SUZUKI; Y KOJIMA; Y NAKAO; T WAKABAYASHI; S KAWATA; K KIKUCHI; Y ACHIBA; T KATO
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 229 4-5 512 - 516 1994年11月 [査読有り]
     
    The existence of non-equivalent Sc trimer was confirmed by ESR measurements after the HPLC separation of a Sc-trimer enriched portion from carbon soot. The newly observed ESR signal consists of well-resolved hyperfine structures reproducible by a non-equivalent Sc trimer structure. The observed hyperfine structures and line widths were compared with those of Sc@C-82 and Sc-3@C-82, by which the stabilization of the non-equivalent trimer structure is discussed in terms of the hindered molecular motion of the trimer embedded in a fullerene-like carbon network.
  • S SUZUKI; H TORISU; H KUBOTA; T WAKABAYASHI; H SHIROMARU; Y ACHIBA
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY AND ION PROCESSES 138 297 - 306 1994年10月 [査読有り]
     
    To clarify the specificity for the formation of stable metallofullerenes M@C-82, laser vaporization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy was applied to metal-carbon composite rods, which have been used to produce extractable metallofullerenes. Most of the metal elements in the fourth row of the periodic table (K to Zn), the group IIIA elements (La, Y, and Sc), and some of the lanthanides (Ce, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Lu) were examined. The results of mass spectra taken by three different modes (positive, negative, and post-ionization) were shown and compared with the laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectra of the metallofullerene-containing crude extract for each element. It was shown that there was a strong correlation between the formation of MC(n) (n > 4) and the formation of MC(82). Also, a preliminary ab initio calculation was performed, using MC(6) (M = Sc, Y, and K) as typical examples, in order to elucidate the stability and the molecular structure of MC(n). It was shown that there was a difference in the binding energy and the optimized molecular structure between the cases of M = Sc, Y, and M = K. All of the above findings strongly support the view that MC(n) (n > 4) has an important role in the formation process of M@C-82.
  • Masayoshi Ishibashi; Yasushi Tomioka; Yoshio Taniguchi; Shinzo Suzuki; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Yasuhiko Kojima; Koichi Kikuchi; Yohji Achiba
    Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 33 9 L1265 - L1267 1994年 [査読有り]
     
    The effect of UV light on the stability of metallofullerenes containing lanthanum was investigated using laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ESR. The decomposition rate of LaC82 in toluene solution was about 100 times faster than that of C60 Moreover, decomposition of both metallofullerene and C60 toluene solutions induced by UV light irradiation in air would mainly occur without oxide formation. In these decomposition reactions by UV light irradiation, both dissolved oxygen and photo excited toluene molecules would play important roles. © 1994 IOP Publishing Ltd.
  • T. Wakabayashi; K. Kikuchi; S. Suzuki; H. Shiromaru; Y. Achiba
    Journal of Physical Chemistry 98 12 3090 - 3091 1994年 [査読有り]
     
    The isomer formation of three isomers of C78 fullerene is discussed on the basis of experimental evidence revealed by pressure-controlled fullerene production. Theoretically predicted most stable isomer, C2v′-C78 has been found to be very sensitive to the graphite burning condition. The fraction of C2v′ isomer dramatically changes from zero to 50% by changing the foreign gas pressure. The present findings strongly suggest that an isomerization within the C78 carbon network such as a pyracylene rearrangement type transformation unlikely takes place. © 1994 American Chemical Society.
  • K KIKUCHI; S SUZUKI; Y NAKAO; N NAKAHARA; T WAKABAYASHI; H SHIROMARU; K SAITO; IKEMOTO, I; Y ACHIBA
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 216 1-2 67 - 71 1993年12月 [査読有り]
     
    Using a two-step liquid chromatographic method, the metallofullerene LaC82 has been isolated for the first time from the carbon soot. The isolated LaC82 was well identified as a stable molecule classified to a novel family of fullerene cage molecules. Comparison of the IR absorption spectra between LaC82 and C82 empty fullerene suggests an endohedral form for LaC82 with the same cage structure (C2 SYMMetry) previously proposed for C82. The presence of electronic absorption in the near-infrared region strongly supports the formation of an open-shell electronic structure for LaC82.
  • K KIKUCHI; N NAKAHARA; T WAKABAYASHI; S SUZUKI; K SAITO; IKEMOTO, I; Y ACHIBA
    SYNTHETIC METALS 56 2-3 3208 - 3213 1993年04月 [査読有り]
     
    Higher Fullerenes up to C110 were isolated from carbon soot by using HPLC and the presence of magic number was ascertained. By C-13 NMR measurement, molecular structures and isomers of C78, C82, and C84 were determined. There are three isomers of C78. The production ratio of C2v', C2v, D3-C78 is about 5:2:2. The main isomer of C82 have the structure with C2 symmetry and its production yield is about 70% of total C82. There are two main isomers in C84 (D2,D2d-C84). The preliminary investigation indicated that any higher fullerenes up to C90 does not show superconductivity even when alkali-metals doped.
  • Y ACHIBA; T WAKABAYASHI; T MORIWAKI; S SUZUKI; H SHIROMARU
    MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY 19 1-2 14 - 17 1993年04月 [査読有り]
     
    One of the most prominent aspects of the novel form of carbon molecules, the ''fullerenes'', is the characteristic features of the C-C bond networks. The fullerene hollow closed cage consists of five- and six-membered rings, providing a spherical surface with no adjacent pentagons in the network (isolated pentagon rule, IPR). Here we describe a novel picture of growth of fullerenes, paying special attention to the initial stage of growth of five- and six-membered ring networks. Some important precursors associated with specific fullerenes are suggested in connection with the structure and stability of small carbon clusters.
  • S. Suzuki; T. Wakabayashi; H. Matsuura; H. Shiromaru; C. Kittaka; Y. Achiba
    Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 26 1 317 - 319 1993年03月 [査読有り]
     
    An apparatus for getting size selected and focused neutral carbon clusters was developed. Using image intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) system, the beam profiles of C10 - and C10 were investigated. The results indicated that the beam density of C10 surpasses that of C10 - of space charge limit. © 1993 Springer-Verlag.
  • Y. Achiba; T. Wakabayashi
    Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 26 1 69 - 73 1993年03月 [査読有り]
     
    A novel picture of growth of fullerene and fullerene-like structures is proposed. The ring stacking model have been studied in detail in connection with the stability, structures and growth mechanism of carbon 5-and 6-membered ring network. Combining the model with energetic considerations, the selective formation of sizes and isomers of large fullerenes has successfully been described. © 1993 Springer-Verlag.
  • T. Wakabayashi; K. Kikuchi; H. Shiromaru; S. Suzuki; Y. Achiba
    Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 26 1 258 - 260 1993年03月 [査読有り]
     
    A hypothetical ring-stacking procedure combined with the isolated-pentagon rule(IPR) shows variety of formation pathways of many fullerene structures with a 5- and 6-membered ring carbon cage. Combining the ring-stacking procedure with energetic considerations, the numbers of possible reaction channels are dramatically reduced within the framework of the ring-stacking considerations. This, in turn, gives the results that only some specific isomers of large fullerenes are selectively produced. The resulting fullerene structures specified are surprisingly well consistent with the recent experimental results. © 1993 Springer-Verlag.
  • T WAKABAYASHI; H SHIROMARU; K KIKUCHI; Y ACHIBA
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 201 5-6 470 - 474 1993年01月 [査読有り]
     
    We propose a new fullerene growth model with a novel picture for selective isomer formation of higher fullerenes. The model described supposes that the fullerene intermediates, consisting of a 5- and 6-membered ring network (a cap-like structure), undergo a facile interconversion by a ''pentagon migration'' transformation. This energy stabilization process dramatically reduces the possible candidates of isomers with fullerene cages. The model also predicts the preferential formation of two specific isomers, D2(5)- and D2d(23)-C84 with a fraction ratio of 2:1. This conclusion is in contrast to the recent theoretical prediction that the D2(22) isomer with a different fullerene cage is more stable than the D2(5)-C84.
  • T WAKABAYASHI; Y ACHIBA
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 190 5 465 - 468 1992年03月 [査読有り]
     
    A new ring-stacking model is proposed for preferential generation of C60 with I(h) symmetry and C70 with D5h symmetry in carbon soot. The model is constructed on the basis of the following two assumptions: (1) A carbon closed cage (fullerene) is formed by a sequential stacking with appropriate numbers and combinations of only even-numbered carbon rings. (2) The intermediates, as well as the final closed cages, consist of only hexagons and pentagons with no adjacent pentagons.
  • K KIKUCHI; N NAKAHARA; T WAKABAYASHI; M HONDA; H MATSUMIYA; T MORIWAKI; S SUZUKI; H SHIROMARU; K SAITO; K YAMAUCHI; IKEMOTO, I; Y ACHIBA
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 188 3-4 177 - 180 1992年01月 [査読有り]
     
    A preparative high-performance liquid chromatography was examined for the isolation of higher fullerenes from CS2 extracts of the carbon soot produced by arc heating of graphite in inert atmosphere. At least eight all-carbon compounds C60, C70, C76, C78, C82, C84, C90 and C96 were confirmed as a "stable fullerene". C82 and C96 are new members of fullerene family which have not been reported so far. The presence of stable C82 seems to be closely related with the recent success of macroscopic quantities of production of LaC82 reported by Smalley's group.
  • Koichi Kikuchi; Nobuo Nakahara; Tomonari Wakabayashi; Shinzo Suzuki; Haruo Shiromaru; Yoko Miyake; Kazuya Saito; Isao Ikemoto; Masatsune Kainosho; Yohji Achiba
    Nature 357 6374 142 - 145 1992年 [査読有り]
     
    FOLLOWING the development of a method for bulk synthesis of C60 and other fullerenes1, the isolation of higher fullerenes ranging from C76 to C96 has been achieved using chromatographic techniques2-5. Whereas C60 and C70 have unique, high-symmetry structures6, theoretical calculations for fullerenes larger than C76 have suggested that each may exist in at least two isomeric forms7. For C84, 24 isomers have been postulated7, and for C96calculations have yielded 196 distinct isomers8. Diederich et al.9 have used liquid chromatography and 13C NMR to identify two isomers of C78, but previous experimental studies of other higher fullerenes2 have produced ambiguous results. Here we use 13C NMR to determine the structures of some principal isomers of C78, C82 and C84. We find a third isomer of C78, which was not reported in ref. 9. Characterization of the structures of these larger fullerenes should provide new understanding of the factors determining the stability of hollow carbon clusters. © 1992 Nature Publishing Group.
  • S SUZUKI; T WAKABAYASHI; H MATSUURA; H SHIROMARU; C KITTAKA; Y ACHIBA
    CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 182 1 12 - 16 1991年07月 [査読有り]
     
    A new method is proposed for producing a high-density beam of size-selected neutral clusters of metal or semiconductor materials. This method is based on photodetachment of negative cluster ions, size-selected and then tightly focused by two sets of einzel lens systems. This method was shown to focus the size-selected neutral cluster of C-10 beyond the limit of the "space charge" effect observed in the beam profile of C-10-.

書籍

  • 梶本 興亜; 石川 春樹; 江川 徹; 鈴木 正; 若林 知成; 石丸 臣一; 梶本 興亜 (担当:共著範囲:)培風館 2015年05月 ISBN: 4563046213 226
  • 田中一義; 東原秀和; 篠原久典; 編; 田中 一義; 篠原 久典; 東原 秀和 (担当:分担執筆範囲:第5章 第1節〜第3節 若林知成)化学同人 2011年10月 ISBN: 4759814116 606 pp 107-124
  • Molecular Realizations of Quantum Computing 2007 (Kinki University Series on Quantum Computing)
    Mikio Nakahara; e; al. Ed; Mikio Nakahara; Yukihiro Ota; Robabeh Rahimi (担当:分担執筆範囲:"Fullerene C60: A Possible Molecular Quantum Computer" by Tomonari Wakabayashi)World Scientific Pub Co Inc 2009年06月 ISBN: 9812838678 267 pp 163-192
  • Franco Cataldo Ed; Franco Cataldo (担当:分担執筆範囲:Chapter 1. "Carbon Chain Molecules in Cryogenic Matrices" by T. Wakabayashi & W. Kraetschmer, Chapter 6. "Cyclic Polyynes: Generation, Characterization, and Reactions" by Y. Tobe & T. Wakabayashi, Chapter 9. "Polyynes C2nH2 (n=2-5) and Other Products ...")CRC Press 2005年08月 ISBN: 157444512X 528
  • F. Diederich; P. J. Stang; R. R. Tykwinski Ed; François Diederich; Peter J. Stang; Rik R. Tykwinski (担当:分担執筆範囲:Chapter 9. "Carbon-Rich Compounds: Acetylene-Based Carbon Allotropes" by Y. Tobe & T. Wakabayashi)Wiley VCH 2005年03月 ISBN: 3527307818 528
  • 国武 豊喜; 飯島 澄男 (担当:分担執筆範囲:第7章 第1節の2「フラーレンの構造と性質」若林知成)エヌ・ティー・エス 2005年02月 ISBN: 4860430786 833
  • 化学; 編集部編; 化学編集部 (担当:分担執筆範囲:第3章 第5節「 高次フラーレン―性質と成長機構を探る―」若林知成・阿知波洋次)化学同人 1993年11月 ISBN: 4759802533 192 pp 125-135

講演・口頭発表等

MISC

受賞

  • 2005年01月 フラーレン・ナノチューブ・グラフェン学会 第1回大澤賞
     鎖状炭素分子の発熱的凝集によるナノカーボンアレイの生成 JPN japan_society 
    受賞者: 若林知成
  • 2002年10月 分子科学会 分子科学奨励神戸賞
     炭素分子のマトリックス分離分光 JPN japan_society 
    受賞者: 若林知成

共同研究・競争的資金等の研究課題

  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)
    研究期間 : 2020年04月 -2024年03月 
    代表者 : 若林 知成; 畑中 美穂; 兒玉 健
     
    フラーレンC60の赤外発光スペクトルの測定に成功したので、フラーレンC70についても同様の測定を行った。その結果、C60の4つの許容遷移とは異なる赤外発光線を多数確認することができた。C60が正二十面体点群Ihに属する高い対称性を持つのに対し、C70はD5hというより対称性の低い点群に属するため、赤外許容となる振動モードの数がより多くなることを、赤外発光スペクトルによって実証することができた。理論的に予想される赤外活性モードでは説明できない発光線も複数観測され、これらは2量子励起による倍音や2つ以上の振動モードが同時励起される結合音によるものと考えられる。 星間空間における化学反応によってフラーレンC60やC70が生成すると考えられるが、その前駆体としても関心がもたれる炭素鎖分子ポリインについてもその分光学的研究において成果があった。具体的には、反応性の高いsp混成炭素鎖の両端を水素で安定化した水素終端ポリイン分子C2nH2 (n=4-6)について、サイズごとに分離精製した試料を用いてリン光スペクトルの測定に成功した。重合による変質を避け、ヘキサン溶液を真空中で20ケルビンに冷却した銅基板に吹き付けてポリイン分子ごと固化した。この低温マトリックス試料に対して213 nmから409 nmの範囲で波長可変なパルスレーザー光を照射し、試料表面の発光を分光器で測定した。その結果、数ミリ秒から十数ミリ秒の寿命をもつ発光バンドを検出することができ、ポリイン分子のリン光に帰属した。リン光スペクトルに現れる振動構造から、電子基底状態におけるいくつかの振動モードについて帰属をすることができた。過去に報告したシアノポリイン分子HC2n+1N (n=4-6のリン光スペクトルとあわせて、ポリイン分子の特徴を総合報告にまとめた。
  • 私立大学戦略的研究基盤形成支援事業:研究拠点を形成する研究
    研究期間 : 2014年07月 -2019年03月 
    代表者 : 藤原 尚
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)
    研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2017年03月 
    代表者 : 松本 浩一; 若林 知成; 森澤 勇介
     
    我々は有機電解合成の反応装置にラマン分光法を導入することで、低温下での不安定な有機活性種のin situでのモニタリングを行うことができる装置の開発に成功した。このシステムを使用することで、有機イオウカチオン種やチイレニウムイオンなどの活性種の反応挙動や構造を明らかにすることができた。また、リサイクル型のフロー電解システムとラマン分光法を融合することで、新しい観測システムの開発に成功した。ラマン分光法が有機電解合成の反応設計や反応追跡、活性種検出に活用できることを示すことができた。
  • 有機電界合成へのラマン分光法の導入による反応解析と合成化学への応用
    科学研究費補助金:基盤研究(C)
    研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2017年03月 
    代表者 : 松本 浩一
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的萌芽研究
    研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2016年03月 
    代表者 : 城丸 春夫; 兒玉 健; 若林 知成; 遠藤 瞳; 田口 裕貴
     
    本研究は種々の方法で生成した炭素クラスターを溶媒和により安定化し、未同定の成分から単環状炭素クラスターを単離することを目的とした。グラファイトの室温レーザー蒸発(ただしグラファイトはレーザーにより約200度に温められている)で生成するC60の収率を求め,C60とポリインが同時に生成する条件を見出した。C60の収率は高温における収率からの外挿値より1~2桁高い値を示した。また直鎖状のクラスターからポリインが生成する反応を調べた。以上の結果はそれぞれ論文として発表した。直鎖状と球殻状のクラスターが共存する条件で得られた試料を精査したが,単環状炭素クラスターと明確に同定できる信号は得られなかった。
  • 単環状炭素クラスターのマクロ量合成と単離
    科学研究費補助金:挑戦的萌芽研究
    研究期間 : 2014年04月 -2016年03月 
    代表者 : 城丸 春夫
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)
    研究期間 : 2009年04月 -2015年03月 
    代表者 : 笹尾 登; 中野 逸夫; 吉村 太彦; 福見 敦; 若林 知成; 田中 実; 桂川 眞幸; 南條 創; 川口 建太郎; 唐 健; 久保園 芳博; 谷垣 勝己; 中嶋 亨; 吉村 浩司; 吉見 彰洋; 植竹 智; 久間 晋; 谷口 敬; 南條 創
     
    「マクロコヒーランス増幅」は原子を用いたニュートリノ質量分光計画にと極めて重要な増幅機構である。本研究の最大の成果は、水素分子振動励起状態(v=1)からの二光子放射過程を用いて原理検証実験を行い、期待通りの結果を得たことにある。具体的には、断熱ラマン過程を用いて振動励起準位に励起し、二光子コヒーラント放射が観測された。この結果自然放射過程に比較し、15桁以上の巨大な増幅効果が確認された。これにより原子を用いたニュートリノ質量分光の道を大きく切り開くことが出来た。この他、多様な原子分子を用い超放射過程の詳細研究や位相緩和の研究などニュートリノ質量分光に対する基礎研究を行った。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(A)
    研究期間 : 2009年04月 -2013年03月 
    代表者 : 笹尾 登; 南條 創; 若林 知成; 吉村 太彦
     
    本研究は、新しい量子干渉効果であるマクロコヒーラント増幅機構を実験的に証明することを目的とする。マクロコヒーラント増幅機構が働くと二光子過程等の稀過程は増幅されると予想される。そこで断熱ラマン過程を用い、水素分子の振動励起状態を生成し二光子過程を観測した。その結果、提唱された理論が予言する増幅過程を観測することに成功し、当該理論の妥当性を確認することに成功した。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的萌芽研究
    研究期間 : 2011年 -2012年 
    代表者 : 城丸 春夫; 間嶋 拓也; 若林 知成
     
    ポリインに代表される直鎖炭素分子の生成を目指して、MeVイオンビームの照射実験を行った。標的には種々の有機溶媒やグラファイト、フラーレン(固体および溶液)、炭化水素気体を用い、生成物の分析にはHPLCと紫外分光を用いた。フラーレン標的の実験では、孤立五員環則を満たさない新奇フラーレンや、水素原子を内包したフラーレンの探索も行った。種々の標的について、照射による新しい有機物の生成を確認したが、ポリインや新奇フラーレンの生成量は検出限界以下であった。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)
    研究期間 : 2010年 -2012年 
    代表者 : 兒玉 健; 藤野 竜也; 城丸 春夫; 阿知波 洋次; 若林 知成
     
    C60、C70、C78の有機溶媒溶液に高強度フェムト秒レーザーを照射し、生成する新奇炭素クラスターの同定を行った。同定の手段として、質量分析・可視紫外吸収・高速液体クロマトグラフィ-分析を用いた。C2脱離によって生成した炭素クラスターは不安定であり、凝集体を形成することが分かった。また、付加体の生成も示唆された。
  • 量子コンピュータの実現を目指した学際的基礎研究
    私立大学学術研究高度化推進事業:オープン・リサーチ・センター整備事業
    研究期間 : 2006年04月 -2011年03月 
    代表者 : 中原 幹夫
  • 1億枚/秒の超高速ビデオカメラの開発
    私立大学学術研究高度化推進事業:学術フロンティア推進事業
    研究期間 : 2006年04月 -2011年03月 
    代表者 : 江藤 剛治
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(A)
    研究期間 : 2007年 -2008年 
    代表者 : 吉村 太彦; 中野 逸夫; 福見 敦; 中嶋 享; 川口 建太郎; 久保園 芳博; 佐藤 晴一; 大饗 千彰; 内音 坊僚平; 山口 琢也; 笹尾 登; 南條 創; 百瀬 孝昌; 若林 知成
     
    未知の混合角とすべてのニュートリノ質量値を決定する、原子を利用した、新たなニュートリ ノ質量分光の実験手法を確立するために、実験原理の理論研究と基礎的な開発実験研究を行っ た。輻射を伴うニュートリノ対生成プロセスを増幅して大きなレートをえるために、固体マト リックス等に埋め込んだ標的原子集団をアヴォガドロ数程度作成して、準安定状態にレーザー 励起し、下位へのレベル間隔の半分に相当するパルスレーザートリガーにより、コヒーランス を成長させる。この重要課題に対して、(1)マックスウェル・ブロッホ方程式を該当する3準 位ラムダ型レベル系に適用した基礎方程式を導き、トリガーによる光ソリトン形成が巨大な増 幅を起こし得ることを見いだした。(2)パラ水素分子結晶中にXe を単体で埋め込むことに成 功した。(3)アルカリ原子気体をセル中に封じ込めて、通常の1光子超放射現象の観測に成功 した。(4)ニュートリノ質量分光に対してマーカー的役割を果たす2光子超放射に最適な原子 である、バリウム原子のD-準安定状態を、気体セル中で生成することに成功した。
  • 混合混成型巨大炭素パイ電子系の創出
    科学技術振興機構 JST:戦略的創造研究推進事業 CREST
    研究期間 : 2000年11月 -2006年03月 
    代表者 : 戸部 義人
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 萌芽研究
    研究期間 : 2004年 -2006年 
    代表者 : 若林 知成
     
    瞬間的な燃焼や発火など、短時間で高温に達する化学反応をリアルタイムで追跡し、発熱過程を制御することは、高温条件下でのみ生成が可能な特異な分子の発見や収率の向上につながる。また、化学反応で放出される熱エネルギーを温度の時間変化から算出することにより、反応過程における分子や微粒子の化学結合および内部状態の変化を明らかにすることが可能となる。 本研究では、ミリ秒以下の時間で起こる発熱現象をリアルタイムの画像として捉え、発熱体の温度を実時間追跡するための高速温度画像測定装置の開発を行った。最終年度に当たる本年度は、温度校正のための検量線を作成し、実際の反応系の観察に応用した。 検量線の作成においては、電流によって明るさの調節が可能な21Wの電球を高速ビデオカメラおよび2次標準である放射温度計で観察した。カメラの光入射部にはダイクロイックミラーと全反射ミラーを組み合わせた波長一画像分割装置を置く方式を最終的に採用した。フィラメントからの光は波長および空間的に分割され、CCD素子に結像する。画像信号をPCに取り込んだ後、二つのフィラメント像の強度を別々に読み取り、その比を放射温度計の示す温度に対してプロットした。フィラメントの電流を変化させて測定した多数の画像から強度比I_/I_を求め、対応する放射温度計の温度に対してプロットし、検量線とした。実際の測定では、電流の変化に応じて明るさが桁違いに変化して飽和の起こりやすい状況が生じたため、フィラメントとカメラの間に、減光のためのNDフィルターを置き、減光の度合いを系統的に調節しながら測定を行った。その結果、1700〜2300℃の温度領域で良好な検量線を得ることができた。
  • Creation of Giant Pi-Electronic Systems Composed by Carbon Atoms of Mixed Hybridization
    JST Basic Research Programs (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology :CREST)
    研究期間 : 2001年 -2005年
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)
    研究期間 : 2002年 -2004年 
    代表者 : 百瀬 孝昌; 若林 知成
     
    本研究では、超流動ヘリウム液滴を媒質とした化学反応研究の新しい手法を開発・確立し、それを実際の系に応用することを目的とした。最近、ドイツ、アメリカのグループが、数万個のヘリウム原子が液滴状態に集合した超流動ヘリウム液滴の中に自在に分子を閉じこめることができ、その振動回転電子遷移の高分解能分光が可能であることを明らかにした。この超流動ヘリウムを化学反応の新しい媒質としてみると、以下の2つの大きな利点があると考えられる。(1)凝縮相でありながら、電子・振動・回転状態が完全に量子化しているため、量子レベルを選別した化学反応の研究が可能である。(2)液滴中に容易にファンデルワールス錯体を生成することができ、A+B→C+Dの様な反応に対して、始状態の構造を完全に規定した研究ができる。本研究では超流動ヘリウム液滴を化学反応の新しい媒質として応用することを目指して研究を進めた。その結果(1)パルス化した超流動ヘリウム液滴法の新しい技術開発、(2)超流動ヘリウム液滴中の巨大分子およびそのファンデルワールス錯体の高分解能分光、(3)超流動ヘリウム液滴法を化学反応研究に応用するために必要となる新しい赤外光源の開発、および(4)量子凝縮相中の極低温固有の化学反応の研究、などについて新しい成果を得た。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(C)
    研究期間 : 2001年 -2003年 
    代表者 : 若林 知成; 鷲田 伸明; 百瀬 孝昌
     
    本研究は、宇宙物理や材料化学で興味のある直鎖および環状炭素クラスターの光化学を明らかにし、その結果をもとに、未知の炭素クラスターの分光学的同定を行うことを目的として、低温マトリックス中における炭素クラスターの光照射および分光実験を行った。まず、真空紫外領域から赤外領域までの吸収スペクトルが測定可能な低温マトリックス分離分光システムを構築した。次にグラファイトの蒸発によって生成した種々の炭素クラスターを含むマトリックス試料を製作し、波長可変レーザーを用いて特定の電子吸収帯を選択的に光励起した。光照射の前後での吸収強度の変化を紫外可視および赤外で測定し、相関をとった。その結果、ネオンマトリックス中における235nmの紫外吸収帯が直鎖構造のC_6分子の吸収帯であることを明らかにした。さらに、通常の約10倍の厚みをもつマトリックス試料の作成を可能にした結果、直鎖C_6分子の既知の可視吸収帯の光励起に伴う分散蛍光スペクトルを測定することに成功した。その結果、同分子の電子基底状態における対称伸縮振動モードのすべての振動数を明らかにすることができた。加えて、C_2分子の波長選択的光励起の実験ではマトリックスの種類によって電子励起後の緩和過程が特異的に変化し、ネオンマトリックス中でのみD→B'遷移が観られることを明らかにした。 環状構造の炭素クラスターの実験は信頼できる既知の分光データがないため、直鎖構造の炭素クラスターに比べて困難を極めた。そこでは環状炭素クラスターを選択的に生成する手法の開発が必須であると痛感した。そこでクラスター生成の基礎に立ち返り、真空紫外レーザーを用いた1光子イオン化質量分析法により、ヘリウム気流中におけるグラファイトのレーザー蒸発過程を詳細に調べた。その結果、従来の時間領域より遅い時間領域において、C_<10>という中性クラスターが特異的に生成することを発見した。さらに水素ガスを用いた同様の実験により、C_<10>クラスターが、直鎖構造の末端に水素が付加したポリイン分子C_<2n>H_2(n=2-5)と同程度に安定であることを明らかにし、低温ガスとして単離できる可能性を示した。このことはC_<10>の環状構造の分光学的証明に向けて大きく前進するものであると同時に、フラーレンC_<60>に匹敵する新たな炭素同素体研究の端緒を切り開くものである。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 特定領域研究
    研究期間 : 2001年 -2003年 
    代表者 : 鷲田 伸明; 猪俣 敏; 藤村 陽; 若林 知成
     
    フリーラジカル反応が大気の化学において重要であることは云うまでもないが、大気中で極微量(多くてppb、通常はpptかそれ以下)にしか存在しないラジカルが大気化学において大きな役割を演じるためには、反応系が連鎖反応であることが必要である。近年要請されている大気環境変動要因の解明のためには、いままで見落とされていたラジカル反応を見直し、厳密に研究する必要がある。光イオン化質量分析法はフリーラジカルをイオン化の際にフラグメントを起さずに親イオンのまま検出できるため、フリーラジカルの直接検出に対して極めて優れた方法であり、これまで多数のラジカル反応の反応速度や反応機構の研究に用いられてきた。さらに最近我々は装置の改良により、従来より100倍の感度向上に成功し、これまで検出できなかったラジカルの検出を可能にし、さらに反応速度、反応機構測定の精度も大幅に向上できた。本研究ではこの装置の特徴を生かして、重要でありながら研究が十分でない新しいラジカル反応の研究と、新しいラジカル連鎖反応の提案を行う。本年度は主に以下の研究が行われた。 1)硫黄循環に係わる連鎖反応の研究:海洋起源硫黄化合物であるジメチルスルヒド(DMS)(大気中の硫黄化合物の50%を占める)が大気中の反応でどのようにしてSO_2やSO_3に変換しうるかについて、CH_3S,CH_3SO,CH_3SO_2ラジカルの酸化反応を研究することにより解明を試みた。CH_3S→CH_3SO→CH_3SO_2→CH_3SO_3の段階的酸化は従来、O_3やNO_2との反応で進むと考えられていたが、本研究においてRO_2ラジカルも上記の段階的酸化に大きな寄与を持つこと、さらにこの酸化の過程でSO_2やSO_3が放出されることが示された。 2)NO_x収支に係わるラジカル反応の研究:NH_2ラジカルは大気中では主にNO_xとの反応で酸化されていると考えられてきたが、本研究ではRO_2ラジカルがNH_2と反応すること、さらにこの反応によりNH_2がNO_xに変換されていくことが示された。 3)RO_2ラジカルの反応:CH_3O_2ラジカルと含硫黄フリーラジカルの反応速度を決定し、RO_2ラジカルの大気中での酸化剤としての役割を評価した。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)
    研究期間 : 2001年 -2003年 
    代表者 : 鷲田 伸明; 猪俣 敏; 若林 知成; 百瀬 孝昌; 佐藤 圭
     
    近年、地球環境研究において、指標となる分子中の同位体比に関する議論が盛んである。同位体比から物質の起源を同定したり年代を決定する手法は地球化学において伝統的なものであったが、地球環境研究ではそれに加えて種々の元素の循環機構(いわゆる炭素、硫黄、窒素などの循環)を明らかにするために同位体比測定が行われている。循環機構における同位体濃縮には生物活動による取込や放出によるものや土壌や水(海)中における物質の分解や蒸発による濃縮などに加えて、大気中での化学反応(光化学反応やラジカル反応)における反応速度の同位体間の差異の評価が重要視されている。以上の背景を受けて本研究は気相ラジカル反応における微小な反応速度の差異を、ラジカルを直接検出する直接法で精密測定し、上記の問題解決に貢献しようとするもので、以下の研究がなされた。 (1)ラジカル反応における同位体効果の研究には光イオン化質量分析法が最も適している。反応速度測定の精度向上にはラジカルの検出感度を上げることが必須であるが、光イオン化光源(真空紫外光)の強度を増大させること等により10-100倍の感度の向上を行った。 (2)メチルラジカルの反応における同位体効果:^<12>CH_3と^<13>CH_3、CD_3の三種メチルラジカルと酸素原子および酸素分子の反応速度の差異を光イオン化質量分析計を用いて測定した。 (3)含硫黄ラジカル(SO, SH, HSOなど)とRO_2ラジカルとの反応(この反応は大気化学で重要である)において、反応速度のD/Hおよび^<34>S/^<32>S効果の比の測定を行った。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(B)
    研究期間 : 1999年 -2001年 
    代表者 : 百瀬 孝昌; 若林 知成; 志田 忠正
     
    一般に固体や液体などの凝縮相の分光スペクトルは、局所的な環境の違いなどによって線幅が広がってしまうため、分光学的な手法を用いた凝縮系の詳細な研究は不可能であった。ところが、最も簡単な分子である水素分子の固体は凝縮系でありながら気相あるいはそれ以上の高分解能分光が可能である。本研究では、これまで不可能であるとされてきた固体などの原子・分子集団系における超高分解能分子分光を、量子固体として知られる固体水素及びその関連物質について行い、原子・分子集団系固有の多対相互作用や励起状態の動的挙動などを定量的に明らかにするとともに、凝縮系水素が関連する様々な物理・化学を明らかにすることを目的として研究を進めた。以下に代表的な成果を示す。(1)ガンマー線照射してできるイオンの電場によって誘起される水素分子の赤外吸収線の観測を行い、イオンが生成することによるまわりの結晶のひずみを高分解能分光により明らかにした。観測された吸収線は100MHz以下と非常に鋭く、生成したイオン電荷が完全に局在していることが示唆された。(2)固体中に捕捉した分子の振動回転線の高分解能分光をおこない、スペクトル線幅の温度依存性から、量子固体内の振動励起状態の緩和過程を明らかにした。(3)不純物を結晶内にドープすることにより、水素分子のラマン活性な遷移が赤外活性になる事実を見い出した。これは不純物が結晶内に存在することにより、一様な電場が結晶内に発生することを示している。その詳細を現在検討中である。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 特定領域研究(A)
    研究期間 : 1999年 -2000年 
    代表者 : 若林 知成; 百瀬 孝昌
     
    フラーレンやカーボンナノチューブの構成要素として興味のもたれている環状構造の炭素クラスターC_n(n=10-30)について、それらを特徴づける電子遷移の観測と帰属を目指している。その結果は単に炭素ネットワーク構造の生成機構の解明のみならず、宇宙空間に存在する未知のクラスターの同定等に役立つ基礎的データを与える。本研究の特徴は、レーザー蒸発法とネオン固体または固体水素を用いた低温マトリックス分離分光法との組み合わせにより、炭素クラスターの電子遷移を低温ならではのシャープなスペクトルとして観測することが可能となり、スペクトルの微細構造からクラスターの振動状態に関する情報まで得られることである。また負イオンクラスターをマトリックス分離前に予めサイズ選別することにより、スペクトルの帰属を曖昧さなく行える点も大きな特徴である。初年度に当たる本年度はまず、クラスター発生源、および、負イオンを中性クラスターから分離するためのビーム輸送系の製作を行い、そのイオンビームの評価を行った。その結果、得られた負イオンビームの強度は空間電荷効果から見積もられる最大値に近い値を示し、このことからほぼ設計通りの仕様が達成されていることを確認した。今後は、クラスター発生源の繰り返し周波数を上げるなどしてマトリックスに蓄積されるイオンの総量を増やしたうえで、これをネオンガスとともに4Kの極低温基板上に吹き付けてマトリックスとし、その紫外可視吸収スペクトルの測定を行う計画である。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(A)
    研究期間 : 1999年 -2000年 
    代表者 : 若林 知成
     
    本研究では、1.質量が10^3ー10^6原子質量単位におよぶ超微粒子の検出が可能な質量分析装置の試作、および2.熱分解生成物のフラグメンテーションフリーの検出法の開発、という二つの新しい実験法の開発を軸に、グラファイトのレーザーアブレーションにより生成する高温の炭素超微粒子の熱分解過程に関する基礎的研究を行っている。本年度は特に、真空紫外レーザー光を用いた一光子イオン化検出法の導入により、これまで検出が困難であった中性フラグメントを、イオン化に伴う二次的な分解反応なしに直接検出することに成功した。これにより上記第2の点で特に大きな進展があった。その要点は、比較的高いイオン化エネルギー(>8eV)をもつ炭素数〜20以下の小サイズ炭素クラスターを、そのイオン化エネルギーより高いエネルギーの光子(hv=10.5eV)で直接的にイオン化することにより、従来の多段階多光子吸収光イオン化法では避けられなかったフラグメンテーションの影響を極力迎えた点である。その結果、グラファイトのレーザーアブレーションにより生成する中性の炭素クラスターとして、炭素数9以下では奇数クラスターC_<2n+1>(n=1-3)の生成量が、また炭素数10以上では4とびにC_<4n+2>(n=2,3,4)の生成量が他より抜きん出て多いことが明らかになった。このことは中性フラグメントが、炭素数9以下では直鎖構造、炭素数10以上では環状構造をとることを強く示唆する。今後は、現在製作中の超微粒子質量分析装置と一光子イオン化質量分析器とを組み合わせることにより、超微粒子のサイズと中性フラグメントのサイズとの関係を調べ、高温炭素超微粒子の冷却過程および異性化過程との関連を明らかにしていく予定である。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 基盤研究(A)
    研究期間 : 1997年 -1999年 
    代表者 : 百瀬 孝昌; 若林 知成; 志田 忠正
     
    回転量子数J=0のパラ水素だけからなる固体パラ水素は、量子固体として知られているが、その光学線幅は非常に細く、凝縮系では希な超高分解能分光が可能である。本研究ではこの固体水素の超高分解能特性に着目して、パラ水素自身及びその中にドープした不純物、電荷などの基底・励起状態の分光スペクトルの微細構造、周波数変化、スペクトル線形などの解析を行うことにより、量子固体中の励起子の拡がりやバンド状態及びその散乱過程などの解明をおこなった。以下はその成果の一部である。1)固体水素の第1高調波の超高分解能レーザー分光スペクトルの観測及び解析を行い、振動励起子が量子固体内を飛び回ることによって生じる分裂をほぼ定量的に解析することができた。また励起子に及ぼす固体の量子性の影響を解析した。2)固体水素中に捕捉したメタンの振動回転スペクトルの線幅の温度依存性を観測し、振動回転の励起状態の緩和に関する定量的な解析を行った。その結果、極低温では位相緩和が支配的であることが明らかになったが、その温度依存性が古典固体のものとは大きく異なることを明らかにした。また占有数緩和に関しては振動の形に大きく依存することを明らかにした。3)ガンマー線照射した固体水素の赤外スペクトルを観測し、放射線照射によって生成するイオンの近傍の水素分子がイオンの電場によって受ける影響を、定量的に解析することができた。また、外部電場を与えることによってイオンに由来するスペクトルのみを選択的に観測する新規手法を確立した。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(A)
    研究期間 : 1997年 -1998年 
    代表者 : 若林 知成
     
    C_<60>をはじめとするフラーレン分子の生成中間体として、また、未同定の星間空間バンドの起源物質として注目を集めている、環状構造の炭素クラスターC_nについて、電子状態、振動構造を明らかにするために、グラファイトのタンデムパルスレーザー光照射による質量分析法、および、低温マトリックス分離分光法を用いた研究を行った。 環状構造の炭素クラスターは、ヘリウム等の冷却ガス中でグラファイトのレーザー蒸発を行うことにより生成することが知られているが、本研究では、冷却ガスのない条件下で炭素棒のレーザーアブレーションを行い、環状炭素クラスターの生成を試みた。検出の都合上、測定は負イオンについて行った。真空中でグラファイト表面に単発のパルスレーザー光を照射して生成する負イオンは、そのほとんどが直鎖構造のクラスターであるが、レーザー光照射の約100μs後に、別のパルスレーザー光を同じグラファイト表面に照射することによって、先の照射により生成した中性炭素クラスターに電子付着させると、C_<10^->負イオンが選択的に生成することが明らかになった。このC_<10^->について光電子スペクトルを測定し、電子親和力、バンド構造等の考察から、C_<10^->およびC_<10>が環状構造であることを確認した。真空中のレーザーアブレーションにより、環状構造の炭素クラスターが生成するという報告は過去に例がない。 低温マトリックス分離分光では、未同定の紫外吸収帯の整理をほぼ終え、その帰属は最終的な詰めの段階にきている。真空中で環状構造の炭素クラスター、特にC_<10>が多く生成することから、未同定バンドの幾つかは環状構造の炭素クラスターに帰属されると考えられる。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 国際学術研究
    研究期間 : 1996年 -1998年 
    代表者 : 百瀬 孝昌; JAGOD MaryーF; OKA Takeshi; 若林 知正; 志田 忠正
     
    固体パラ水素は、分子間相互作用が小さく、エネルギーの状態密度が粗なため、水素分子あるいは固体中に捕捉した分子の振動回転状態が量子化され、そのスペクトル線幅が他の媒質に比べて極端に狭くなるなるという特徴をもっている。このため、固体水素中の水素自身およびその中に捕捉したゲスト分子の高分解能分子分光が可能となる。本研究の目的は、固体水素のこの特徴を最大限に活かすことによりこれまで不可能であるとされてきた固体などの凝縮相における超高分解能分子分光法を開発し、凝縮相中での分子の振動・回転・電子状態や分子間多体相互作用を明らかにする事にある。研究期間中に以下の成果を得た。1)パラ水素および微量に存在するオルト水素のペアの振動回転励起を高分解能分光の手法により観測し、その同定を行うとともに固体内の励起子間の相互作用などを定量的に明らかにした。2)固体パラ水素中に捕捉した分子の振動回転状態も水素同様量子化されることを明らかにし、その高分解能スペクトルの解析理論を確立した。3)固体水素内にフリーラジカルを生成し、それが周りの水素分子と液体ヘリウム温度という極低温で進行することを見つけ、この反応が純トンネル化学反応であることを明らかにした。分光学的に純トンネル化学反応を直接検出したのはこれが初めてである。4)固体中にイオンを生成する手法を確立し、実際にイオンのスペクトルを観測することにより、イオン及びその周りの分子の超高感度・高分解能分光ができることを明らかにした。
  • 日本学術振興会:科学研究費助成事業 奨励研究(A)
    研究期間 : 1996年 -1996年 
    代表者 : 若林 知成
     
    本研究では、単環構造の炭素クラスターの振電状態の解明、および、炭素数30〜50付近の炭素クラスターの幾何構造の決定を二つの大きな柱として研究を進めてきた。単環構造の炭素クラスターの振動構造が、その一部ではあるが負イオン光電子分光によりはじめて明らかになったことは大きな前進であった。特に、電子脱離によって励起されるの振動モードの種類が4の倍数のリングと4n+2のリングで大きく異なることの発見は、炭素数の違いによる結合交替の有無を端的に示すものであった。また、16員環骨格をもつ有機化合物の熱分解では、炭素クラスター負イオンC_<16>-だけでなく、2量体の負イオンC_<32>-も生成するが、その光電子スペクトルが別の方法で生成した単環構造のC_<32>-のものとは明らかに異なることから、この2量体が単環構造以外の異性体であることが示唆された。炭素数30付近のクラスターはフラーレンやナノチューブにみられるネットワーク構造の安定性や生成機構を考えるうえで重要とされており、ネットワーク構造の制御という観点からも、今後さらに研究を進める必要がある。 本年度の成果の一つに、単環状炭素クラスターC_<10>-の特異的生成の発見がある。代表者らが開発した二重レーザーアブレーション質量分析法は、従来検出の難しかった中性フラグメントの検出を可能にした。その結果、炭素数10〜20程度の単環構造の中性フラグメントが、炭素数200程度の中性クラスターの熱分解の過程で多量に放出されることを見い出した。この結果は低温マトリックス単離分光法を用いた今後の研究に方法論的な変革をもたらすばかりでなく、炭表クラスターの生成メカニズムを探るうえでの重要な手がかりを与えるものである。

委員歴

  • 2021年05月 - 現在   ナノ学会   理事
  • 2017年09月 - 現在   フラーレン・ナノチューブ・グラフェン学会   幹事
  • 2011年07月 - 現在   Chemistry and Physics at Low Temperatures   運営委員
  • 2021年05月 - 2022年07月   ナノ学会第20回大会   実行委員長
  • 2017年07月 - 2018年06月   化学反応討論会   実行委員
  • 2010年10月 - 2012年09月   分子科学会   顕彰委員
  • 2007年07月 - 2009年06月   ナノ学会   編集委員

担当経験のある科目

  • 炭素鎖分子〜星間分子から偏光素子まで〜京都産業大学大学院理学研究科・集中講義
  • 機能性分子化学演習近畿大学大学院総合理工学研究科博士後期課程
  • 卒業研究ゼミナール近畿大学理工学部理学科化学コース
  • 基礎物理化学・基礎物理化学演習近畿大学理工学部理学科化学コース
  • 分子の対称性と分光学首都大学東京大学院理工学研究科・集中講義
  • カーボンクラスターと関連物質の分光学名古屋大学大学院理学研究科・集中講義
  • 分子性カーボンナノ粒子の化学京都大学大学院工学研究科・VBL公開講義
  • 直線型原子配列をもつ分子性カーボンナノ粒子の化学北陸先端科学技術大学院大学・MSセミナー
  • 炭素クラスターの生成と単離東北大学学際科学国際高等研究センター・客員
  • 化学のための数学演習近畿大学理工学部理学科化学コース
  • 分子構造化学特論近畿大学大学院総合理工学研究科博士前期課程
  • 構造物理化学特殊研究近畿大学大学院総合理工学研究科博士後期課程
  • 機能性分子化学特別研究近畿大学大学院総合理工学研究科博士前期課程
  • 構造物理化学特論近畿大学大学院総合理工学研究科博士前期課程
  • 化学実験Ⅲ近畿大学理工学部理学科化学コース
  • 化学実験Ⅱ近畿大学理工学部理学科化学コース
  • 卒業研究近畿大学理工学部理学科化学コース
  • 基礎ゼミ1・基礎ゼミ2近畿大学理工学部理学科化学コース
  • 化学近畿大学理工学部
  • 構造物理化学近畿大学理工学部理学科化学コース
  • 量子化学・量子化学および演習近畿大学理工学部理学科化学コース

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